【摘要】：流域生態(tài)健康評價歷史較長,但以往流域生態(tài)健康評價的主要研究內(nèi)容往往都只著眼于流域水體的健康,即河流生態(tài)健康評估。越來越多的研究表明,隨著人類活動范圍及活動強度的不斷增大,人類對流域生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的影響已經(jīng)不只是單純地反應(yīng)在河流這一線狀地理要素上了,更多的生態(tài)壓力都集中在面狀生態(tài)要素上。在流域尺度進(jìn)行生態(tài)健康評價研究已經(jīng)成為生態(tài)學(xué)新的研究熱點,并得到了越來越多的學(xué)者的關(guān)注。但總結(jié)國內(nèi)外的研究可以發(fā)現(xiàn),多數(shù)相關(guān)研究都只是針對了河湖理化性質(zhì)及水生生物的相關(guān)指標(biāo)進(jìn)行研究,而對自然成分、社會成分及經(jīng)濟(jì)成分對流域生態(tài)健康的綜合影響評價研究甚少。本研究以遙感技術(shù)與地理信息系統(tǒng)技術(shù)為研究手段,參考河湖生態(tài)健康評估方法及原理,結(jié)合生態(tài)學(xué)原理及景觀生態(tài)學(xué)相關(guān)知識,運用層次分析法(AHP,Analytic Hierarchy Process)選取了能從自然狀態(tài)、人類活動影響、社會經(jīng)濟(jì)等方面反映綦江流域生態(tài)健康狀態(tài)的多個指標(biāo)參數(shù),如流域植被覆蓋度、濕地面積比例變化、流域城鎮(zhèn)化程度、水文生態(tài)過程(流量過程變異度、生態(tài)流量滿足程度)、水環(huán)境質(zhì)量指標(biāo)(溶解氧、耗氧有機物、重金屬)、水生生物多樣性指標(biāo)、單位面積化肥施用量、流域降雨量等參數(shù)指標(biāo),從與流域生態(tài)健康狀態(tài)相關(guān)的面要素特征及線要素特征層面對綦江流域(重慶段)生態(tài)健康狀態(tài)作了定量評價。研究表明綦江流域(重慶段)生態(tài)健康狀態(tài)評價最后得分為79.04分,屬于亞健康水平。遙感提取分析表明綦江流域(重慶段)植被覆蓋度程度較高,一般維持在0.4左右,植被覆蓋度年際變化較小,相對較穩(wěn)定;流域城鎮(zhèn)化程度較低,但城鎮(zhèn)化速度較快;流域單位面積化肥施用量遠(yuǎn)小于全國平均水平,流域水文生態(tài)過程相對平衡,無太大波動;流域主要河流水環(huán)境質(zhì)量較高,但個別河段溶解氧含量較低;流域水生生物多樣性程度高,水生態(tài)狀態(tài)較好;降雨過程也相對較平穩(wěn),濕地面積保持率較高,變化率相對較低。但是研究同時還表明,綦江流域(重慶段)當(dāng)前的生態(tài)健康狀態(tài)處于亞健康狀態(tài),綦江流域(重慶段)生態(tài)健康狀態(tài)評價綜合得分不太高,流域生態(tài)健康形勢依然相當(dāng)嚴(yán)峻。流域生態(tài)所面臨的危協(xié)更多的是來自人類活動的影響而非自然環(huán)境的天然變化,流域的生態(tài)狀況有待進(jìn)一步提高。
[Abstract]:Watershed ecological health assessment has a long history, but the main research content of watershed ecological health assessment is usually focused on river ecological health assessment. More and more studies show that with the increasing range and intensity of human activities, human impacts on watershed ecosystems are not simply reflected in the linear geographical element of rivers. More ecological pressure is concentrated on the surface ecological elements. Ecological health assessment on watershed scale has become a new research hotspot in ecology, and has been paid more and more attention by scholars. However, after summarizing the domestic and foreign studies, it can be found that most of the related studies are only aimed at the physical and chemical properties of rivers and lakes and the related indexes of aquatic organisms, while the natural components are studied. There are few studies on the comprehensive impact of social and economic components on watershed ecological health. In this study, remote sensing technology and geographic information system technology are used as research means, referring to the methods and principles of ecological health assessment of rivers and lakes, combined with ecological principles and related knowledge of landscape ecology, and using the Analytic hierarchy process (AHP,). Analytic Hierarchy Process) has selected several index parameters which can reflect the ecological health state of Qijiang River basin from the aspects of natural state, human activity influence, social economy and so on, such as vegetation coverage, wetland area ratio change, urbanization degree of river basin, etc. Hydro-ecological process (variation of flow process, degree of satisfaction of ecological flow), quality index of water environment (dissolved oxygen, oxygen consuming organic matter, heavy metal), index of aquatic biodiversity, application rate of fertilizer per unit area, The quantitative evaluation of the ecological health status of Qijiang river basin (Chongqing section) was carried out in terms of the characteristics of surface and line elements related to the ecological health status of the watershed, such as rainfall and so on. The results show that the final score of ecological health evaluation in Qijiang River Basin (Chongqing section) is 79.04, which belongs to sub-health level. The extraction and analysis of remote sensing showed that the vegetation coverage degree of Qijiang River Basin (Chongqing section) was relatively high, generally maintained at about 0.4, the interannual change of vegetation coverage was relatively small and relatively stable, the urbanization degree of the basin was lower, but the urbanization rate was faster. The amount of chemical fertilizer applied per unit area of the basin is far less than the national average, the hydroecological process of the basin is relatively balanced and there is no great fluctuation, the water environmental quality of the main river in the basin is higher, but the dissolved oxygen content in individual reaches is lower. The aquatic biodiversity of the watershed is high, the water ecological condition is better, the rainfall process is relatively stable, the wetland area conservation rate is higher, the change rate is relatively low. But at the same time, the study also shows that the current ecological health state of Qijiang river basin (Chongqing section) is in sub-health state, the comprehensive score of ecological health evaluation of Qijiang river basin (Chongqing section) is not very high, and the ecological health situation of Qijiang river basin is still very severe. The impact of human activities rather than the natural changes in the natural environment is the main cause of the basin ecology, and the ecological situation of the basin needs to be further improved.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：重慶交通大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：X826

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