【摘要】：干旱、半干旱丘陵草原上分布著牲畜踩踏形成的網(wǎng)絡(luò)狀小路徑和植被斑塊組成的景觀,稱為牧道景觀。這種牧道景觀廣泛分布于黃土高原丘陵溝壑區(qū),其中以山羊牧道景觀居多。本研究選取成熟山羊牧道半陰坡區(qū)域、禁牧后山羊牧道半陰坡區(qū)域、成熟山羊牧道陽坡區(qū)域和禁牧后山羊牧道陽坡區(qū)域四類區(qū)域,對比分析不同區(qū)域內(nèi)植物群落特征、物種多樣性特征、功能群特征與表層土壤含水量特征,并利用地統(tǒng)計分析方法和GS+9.1軟件分析以上指標的空間分布,探討山羊牧道景觀對植物群落和土壤水分影響。同時分析山羊牧道景觀結(jié)構(gòu)單元尺度上,土壤水分空間分布規(guī)律,探討山羊牧道可能引起的生態(tài)水文效應(yīng)。通過分析得到以下結(jié)論：(1)牧道對植物群落組成和優(yōu)勢種有顯著影響,成熟山羊牧道、禁牧后山羊牧道半陰坡均為多年生草本植物冷蒿(Artemisia frigida)和蓍狀亞菊(Ajania achilloides)占絕對優(yōu)勢地位,灌木、半灌木、小半灌木次之,一、二年生草本植物最弱;而禁牧后山羊牧道陽坡草本植物占優(yōu)勢,其次為灌木、半灌木、小半灌木。牧道可以顯著提高植被的覆蓋度、地上生物量,對提高植物群落的物種多樣性有一定影響。(2)成熟山羊牧道半陰坡區(qū)域、禁牧后山羊牧道半陰坡區(qū)域、成熟山羊牧道陽坡區(qū)域和無山羊牧道區(qū)域四類區(qū)域植被,在不同的尺度上均有較強的空間異質(zhì)性。(3)山羊牧道景觀結(jié)構(gòu)不同位置具有不同的土壤水分分布和變化規(guī)律。山羊牧道下方凸起的植物聚集區(qū)30 cm及以下土層較山羊牧道和山羊牧道上方的陡坡位置具有較高的土壤含水量。成熟山羊牧道半陰坡區(qū)域、禁牧后山羊牧道半陰坡區(qū)域、成熟山羊牧道陽坡區(qū)域和無山羊牧道區(qū)域四類區(qū)域表層土壤含水量具有較強的空間異質(zhì)性。表明牧道景觀對降水有二次分配的作用。(4)山羊是形成山羊牧道景觀的主要驅(qū)動力,山羊轉(zhuǎn)移和采食行為可以影響牧道的結(jié)構(gòu)的發(fā)育。
[Abstract]:In arid and semi-arid hilly grassland, the landscape consisting of small network paths and vegetation patches formed by livestock trampling is called pastoral landscape. This pastoral landscape is widely distributed in the hilly and gully areas of the Loess Plateau, in which the goat pastoral landscape is the most common. The characteristics of plant community, species diversity, functional groups and surface soil water content in different regions were compared and analyzed. The spatial distribution of the above indexes was analyzed by using the methods of geostatistical analysis and GS+9.1 software. At the same time, the spatial distribution of soil water on the scale of goat pasture landscape unit was analyzed, and the possible ecological and hydrological effects caused by goat pasture were discussed. After grazing, Artemisia FRIGIDA and Ajania achilloides were the dominant perennial herbs, followed by shrubs, semi-shrubs, small and semi-shrubs, and the weakest one or two-year-old herbs. After forbidding grazing, the dominant herbs were shrubs, semi-shrubs and small and semi-shrubs. Vegetation coverage and aboveground biomass can be significantly increased, and the species diversity of plant community can be improved. (2) Vegetation in the semi-shady slope area of mature goat pasture, semi-shady slope area of post-grazing goat pasture, sunny slope area of mature goat pasture and area without goat pasture has a strong space on different scales. (3) The distribution and variation of soil moisture were different in different locations of goat pasture landscape structure. The soil moisture content of 30 cm and below was higher than that of the steep slope above goat pasture and goat pasture. The spatial heterogeneity of soil water content in the surface layer of four regions, namely, the sunny slope area of mature goat pasture and the area without goat pasture, indicates that the pasture landscape plays a secondary role in precipitation distribution. (4) Goats are the main driving force for the formation of goat pasture landscape, and goat transfer and feeding behavior can affect the structure of pasture. Development.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：蘭州大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：P901

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