【摘要】：社會(huì)-生態(tài)系統(tǒng)在地理空間中可視為社會(huì)-生態(tài)景觀,二者均具有多層級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu),不同的尺度具有不同的運(yùn)行速度與動(dòng)態(tài)特征,景觀格局各尺度的動(dòng)態(tài)變化體現(xiàn)了相應(yīng)層級(jí)上人類活動(dòng)與生態(tài)環(huán)境間的相互作用及其動(dòng)態(tài)特征,而社會(huì)-生態(tài)景觀中各要素的構(gòu)成比例及其空間配置是景觀格局的重要因素。2000年以來,陜西省社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)迅速發(fā)展,城市化水平顯著提高,對(duì)生態(tài)環(huán)境的壓力相應(yīng)增大,與此同時(shí),實(shí)施了一系列生態(tài)修復(fù)與治理工程如退耕還林(草),旨在改善環(huán)境脆弱敏感區(qū)的生態(tài)現(xiàn)狀、治理日益突出的生態(tài)環(huán)境問題,在此背景下,陜西省的景觀格局也呈現(xiàn)出相應(yīng)變化。因此,分別以陜西省省域景觀和林地景觀為研究對(duì)象,運(yùn)用景觀生態(tài)學(xué)的基本原理和分析方法并結(jié)合GIS空間分析方法,對(duì)其空間格局動(dòng)態(tài)變化進(jìn)行探討分析�；�2000年和2010年陜西省的土地覆被數(shù)據(jù),將土地利用類型分為城市用地、林草地和農(nóng)業(yè)用地,通過景觀鑲嵌體這一景觀構(gòu)成指標(biāo)對(duì)陜西省省域景觀格局動(dòng)態(tài)特征進(jìn)行分析；依據(jù)不同尺度下林地覆被的密度將林地分類為斑塊型、主導(dǎo)型和核心型,分析林地覆被、新增林地覆被和減少林地各類型的尺度依賴特征及其動(dòng)態(tài)變化,并對(duì)陜西省林地覆被格局及其空問差異進(jìn)行研究,主要結(jié)論包括：(1)結(jié)合景觀鑲嵌體指標(biāo)對(duì)陜西省省域景觀格局分析,鄰域范圍內(nèi)全部為林草地柵格的FF型比例最高且增加較大,鄰域范圍內(nèi)林草地占主導(dǎo)的柵格向FF型的轉(zhuǎn)移比例較高,表明該尺度上林地恢復(fù)狀況良好；鄰域范圍內(nèi)全部為農(nóng)業(yè)用地或農(nóng)業(yè)用地占主導(dǎo)的柵格動(dòng)態(tài)性較強(qiáng),且向FF型和鄰域范圍內(nèi)林草地占主導(dǎo)的類型轉(zhuǎn)移比例較高,體現(xiàn)了農(nóng)業(yè)用地向林草地的轉(zhuǎn)變；鄰域范圍內(nèi)全部為城市用地的UU型柵格比例較低但增加比例高,且其10年間仍保持該類型不變,鄰域范圍內(nèi)城市用地比例大于10%的柵格的轉(zhuǎn)移傾向于向UU型及鄰域范圍內(nèi)城市用地占主導(dǎo)的類型,體現(xiàn)了該研究尺度下城市的擴(kuò)張,人類活動(dòng)對(duì)周邊用地的影響。(2)為探討陜西省林地景觀格局的空間差異,結(jié)合陜西省林地覆被的空間分布,劃定以黃土高原林地覆被為主的研究區(qū)1和以秦嶺地區(qū)林地覆被為主的研究區(qū)2。陜西省和研究區(qū)1、2的林地覆被各類型展現(xiàn)出類似的尺度依賴性,但其比例構(gòu)成則不盡相同�？傮w而言,小尺度核心型林地比例較高,其比例隨尺度增加而增大,斑塊型和主導(dǎo)型林地小尺度上比例較低,其比例隨尺度增加而增大,其中,陜西省和研究區(qū)2在大尺度上林地覆被以核心型和主導(dǎo)型為主,而研究區(qū)1在大尺度上斑塊型林地比例顯著高于陜西省,呈現(xiàn)出更為破碎的特征。(3)陜西省新增林地覆被和減少林地覆被在小尺度上均以核心型為主,在較大尺度上新增林地覆被以斑塊型和主導(dǎo)型為主,而減少林地以斑塊型為主,表明林地覆被的減少多出現(xiàn)在大尺度呈現(xiàn)破碎,局地尺度林地覆被密度較高的地區(qū)。對(duì)比而言,受林地覆被空間格局的影響,較大尺度上,新增林地覆被在研究區(qū)1以斑塊型為主,而在研究區(qū)2則以主導(dǎo)型為主；此外,研究區(qū)2的減少林地覆被在較大尺度上以主導(dǎo)型為主。通過景觀格局的時(shí)空動(dòng)態(tài)分析,從空間角度探討了陜西省10年間各類型用地的相互作用及動(dòng)態(tài)變化,對(duì)林地景觀的多尺度分析,體現(xiàn)了林地各類型的尺度依賴特征,反映了林地景觀的多尺度空間格局及其空間差異。該研究結(jié)果對(duì)系統(tǒng)動(dòng)態(tài)的研究、生態(tài)恢復(fù)工程的評(píng)估等均可提供一定參考,對(duì)景觀的規(guī)劃與管理、政策的制定實(shí)施等均有借鑒指導(dǎo)意義。
[Abstract]:Social-ecosystem can be regarded as social-ecological landscape in geographic space. Both of them have multi-level structure. Different scales have different running speed and dynamic characteristics. The dynamic changes of landscape pattern at different scales reflect the interaction and dynamic characteristics between human activities and ecological environment at corresponding levels, while social-ecological landscape. Since 2000, Shaanxi Province has witnessed rapid socio-economic development, markedly increased urbanization and increased pressures on the ecological environment. Meanwhile, a series of ecological restoration and control projects, such as returning farmland to forest (grass), have been implemented to improve the vulnerability and sensitivity of the environment. Under this background, the landscape pattern of Shaanxi Province has changed correspondingly. Therefore, the landscape and forest landscape of Shaanxi Province have been taken as the research objects, and the spatial pattern of them has been changed by using the basic principles and analysis methods of landscape ecology and the spatial analysis method of GIS. Based on the land cover data of Shaanxi Province in 2000 and 2010, land use types were divided into urban land use, forest and grassland and agricultural land use, and landscape mosaic was used to analyze the dynamic characteristics of landscape pattern in Shaanxi Province. The land types are patch type, dominant type and core type. The scale-dependent characteristics and dynamic changes of forest land cover, new forest land cover and reducing forest land types are analyzed. The forest land cover pattern and its spatial differences in Shaanxi Province are studied. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) Landscape mosaic index is used to analyze the landscape pattern of Shaanxi Province. The proportion of FF type with all the forest and grassland grids in the neighborhood was the highest and increased greatly, and the ratio of forest and grassland dominated grids transferring to FF type was higher in the neighborhood, which indicated that the forest land restoration condition was good on this scale; the grid with all the agricultural land or agricultural land dominated in the neighborhood had strong dynamic, and it was moving to FF type and neighborhood. The proportion of forest and grassland dominated type transfer is higher, which reflects the transformation from agricultural land to forest and grassland. The proportion of UU-type grid with all urban land in the neighborhood is lower but the increase rate is higher, and the type remains unchanged for 10 years. The proportion of urban land in the neighborhood larger than 10% tends to be UU-type. (2) To explore the spatial differences of forest landscape pattern in Shaanxi Province, combining with the spatial distribution of forest land cover in Shaanxi Province, the study area 1 with forest land cover in the Loess Plateau and Qinling Mountains were delineated. In general, the proportion of small-scale core forest land is higher, and the proportion of small-scale core forest land increases with the increase of scale, while the proportion of patch and dominant forest land is lower in small-scale. Among them, the forest land cover of Shaanxi province and research area 2 is mainly core and dominant type on large scale, while the proportion of patch forest land in study area 1 is significantly higher than that of Shaanxi Province on large scale, showing more fragmented characteristics. (3) The new forest land cover and the reduction of forest land cover in Shaanxi Province are mainly core type on small scale. In large scale, patch type and dominant type dominated the new forest land cover, while patch type dominated the decrease of forest land cover, indicating that the reduction of forest land cover occurred mostly in large-scale fragmentation and high local-scale forest land cover density areas. In addition, the reduction of forest land cover in study area 2 is dominant on a larger scale. Through the analysis of spatial and temporal dynamics of landscape pattern, the interaction and dynamic changes of various types of land use in Shaanxi Province in the past 10 years were discussed from the spatial perspective, and the multi-scale analysis of forest landscape was carried out. The results of this study can provide some references for the study of system dynamics and the evaluation of ecological restoration projects, and can be used for reference in the planning and management of landscape and the formulation and implementation of policies.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：西北大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號(hào)】：P901

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