發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-08-27 11:18

【摘要】：石漠化是指在喀斯特脆弱生態(tài)環(huán)境下,由于人類不合理的社會經(jīng)濟(jì)活動而造成人地矛盾突出,植被破壞,水土流失,土地生產(chǎn)能力衰退,地表呈現(xiàn)類似荒漠景觀的巖石逐漸裸露的演變過程。我國西南地區(qū)每年石漠化面積按2%遞增。石漠化不但加劇了巖溶地區(qū)的貧困狀況,還威脅到長江和珠江中下游的生態(tài)安全。因此石漠化治理刻不容緩。油茶是我國特有的木本食用油料樹種。油茶有適生性強(qiáng)的特點(diǎn),是石漠化地區(qū)生態(tài)治理與恢復(fù)的先鋒樹種。重慶秀山縣境內(nèi)分布著大面積的石漠化土地。秀山縣為了治理石漠化,重慶秀山縣從2000年開始在石漠化地區(qū)退耕還林種植油茶。為了研究油茶在典型石漠化地區(qū)種植的效益,本文在秀山石漠化地區(qū)選取15a生油茶林作為研究對象。論文方法：以每隔200m的海拔梯度選取3個(gè)油茶林樣地,采集林下土壤帶回實(shí)驗(yàn)室分析,獲取生態(tài)效益分析所需數(shù)據(jù),同時(shí)選取立地條件相似的坡耕地作為對照；通過發(fā)放問卷的形式收集經(jīng)濟(jì)效益和社會效益分析所需要的數(shù)據(jù)。共收回270份有效問卷。問卷的內(nèi)容主要包括15a生油茶林每年的種植成本和收入、農(nóng)戶的家庭收入狀況、種植油茶過程中存在的問題等。研究的主要內(nèi)容包括油茶在秀山縣石漠化地區(qū)種植的生態(tài)效益、經(jīng)濟(jì)效益以及社會效益,其中生態(tài)效益主要研究油茶林對石漠化地區(qū)土壤的改善和保護(hù)作用。通過分析得出一下結(jié)論：(1)生態(tài)效益顯著。15a油茶林土壤的物理狀況有明顯的改善,15a生油茶林地的土壤含水量、總孔隙度、毛管空隙度、非毛管空隙度分別比坡耕地高出8.5%、3.4%、10.1%、1.2%個(gè)百分點(diǎn),土壤容重下降了0.24g/cm3,把15a生油茶林土壤物理指標(biāo)與坡耕地土壤物理各指標(biāo)做了差異顯著性分析,結(jié)果各指標(biāo)p值均小于0.05,說明在石漠化地區(qū)栽植油茶,可以很好的改善土壤的物理性狀。在土壤化學(xué)性質(zhì)方面,15a生油茶林地在土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)、全N、全k、全P含量上分別比坡耕地高出9.1g/kg、5.3g/kg、2.1g/kg、0.9g/kg,土壤的pH值下降了1.4,把15a生油茶林與坡耕地土壤化學(xué)性質(zhì)的做了差異顯著性分析,除了在全N的含量對比上不明顯,其他指標(biāo)p值均小于0.05,說明在石漠化地區(qū)栽植油茶可以有效的改善土壤結(jié)構(gòu),提高土壤肥力。通過對15a生油茶林生態(tài)效益的計(jì)量分析,得出以下結(jié)果,15a生油茶林每年水源涵養(yǎng)效益經(jīng)濟(jì)價(jià)值為2522元/hm2、固土保肥效益經(jīng)濟(jì)價(jià)值為7131元/hm2、固碳釋氧效益3656元/hm2。(2)經(jīng)濟(jì)效益顯著：15a生油茶林累計(jì)凈現(xiàn)金流量為69375元/667m2、產(chǎn)投比為9.3、投資回收率為56%、累計(jì)凈現(xiàn)值為24920.68元/667m2、內(nèi)部收益率為35%、靜態(tài)投資回收期為4.1a、動態(tài)投資回收期為8.1a。選擇當(dāng)?shù)赜写硇缘霓r(nóng)作物進(jìn)行產(chǎn)投比對比分析,結(jié)果油茶分別比水稻、玉米、金銀花、花椒、果樹高出6.87、7.5、1.6、6.1、0.54,這說明在石漠化地區(qū)種植油茶經(jīng)濟(jì)效益更為明顯。(3)社會效益好。15a生油茶林平均每年需要18個(gè)工/667m2,這可以為當(dāng)?shù)亻e置勞動力提供就業(yè)機(jī)會；從2000年到2014年的問被調(diào)查的油茶農(nóng)戶平均家庭純收入有了較大幅度的提高,從8000元增長到的20040元,增長近151%,平均每戶家庭純收入累計(jì)18.2萬元,其中務(wù)工收入9.2萬元,所占比例為51%,其次是種植油茶所取得的收入5.8萬元,所占比例為32%,通過分析油茶收入與農(nóng)戶家庭純收入關(guān)聯(lián)度,R2=0.7,可見在秀山縣石漠化地區(qū)發(fā)展油茶種植,對當(dāng)?shù)剞r(nóng)民增收起到了非常大的作用；72%的油茶種植農(nóng)戶對油茶種植持肯定和積極的態(tài)度；當(dāng)?shù)剞r(nóng)戶在種植油茶的過程中主要遇存在的問題有單產(chǎn)低管理粗放、產(chǎn)業(yè)化水平低、種植服務(wù)體系不完善、管理觀念落后等問題。
[Abstract]:Rocky desertification refers to the process of evolution in which rocks similar to desert landscape are gradually exposed under the fragile Karst Eco-environment due to human unreasonable social and economic activities. Rocky desertification area increases by 2% every year in southwest China. Camellia oleifera is a unique woody edible oil tree species in China. It is a pioneer tree species for ecological control and restoration in rocky desertification areas. It is widely distributed in Xiushan County, Chongqing. In order to control rocky desertification, Xiushan County of Chongqing began planting Camellia oleifera in 2000. In order to study the benefits of planting Camellia oleifera in Typical Rocky Desertification areas, 15-year-old Camellia oleifera forest was selected as the research object in Xiushan rocky desertification area. Three sample plots of Camellia oleifera forest were selected to collect soil samples for laboratory analysis, and the data needed for ecological benefit analysis were obtained. Sloping farmland with similar site conditions was selected as the control. The data needed for economic and social benefit analysis were collected by sending out questionnaires. A total of 270 valid questionnaires were collected. The main contents of the study include the ecological benefits, economic benefits and social benefits of Camellia oleifera planting in rocky desertification area of Xiushan County. The ecological benefits of Camellia oleifera planting in rocky desertification area are mainly studied. The results showed that: (1) The ecological benefits of Camellia oleifera forest were remarkable. The soil physical conditions of Camellia oleifera forest in 15A were improved obviously. The soil water content, total porosity, capillary porosity and non-capillary porosity were 8.5%, 3.4%, 10.1% and 1.2% higher than those of sloping farmland, respectively. The soil bulk density decreased by 0.24g/cm. 3. The difference of soil physical indexes between 15-year-old Camellia oleifera plantation and sloping farmland was analyzed. The results showed that the P value of each index was less than 0.05, which indicated that planting Camellia oleifera in rocky desertification area could improve soil physical properties very well. The soil pH value decreased by 1.4 when compared with sloping farmland, 9.1 g/kg, 5.3 g/kg, 2.1 g/kg, 0.9 g/kg, respectively. The difference of soil chemical properties between 15-year-old Camellia oleifera forest and sloping farmland was significant. Except for the content of total N, other indexes P value was less than 0.05, indicating that planting Camellia oleifera in rocky desertification area could improve soil effectively. The results showed that the economic value of water conservation benefit was 2522 yuan / hm2, the economic value of soil and fertilizer conservation benefit was 7131 yuan / hm2, and the carbon fixation and oxygen release benefit was 3656 yuan / hm2. It is 69375 yuan/667 m2, the ratio of output to investment is 9.3, the investment recovery rate is 56%, the cumulative net present value is 24920.68 yuan/667 m2, the internal rate of return is 35%, the static investment recovery period is 4.1a, the dynamic investment recovery period is 8.1a. Select the representative local crops to carry on the comparative analysis of output and investment, the result is that the oil-tea is higher than rice, corn, honeysuckle, prickly ash and fruit tree respectively. The results showed that the economic benefits of planting Camellia oleifera in rocky desertification area were more obvious. (3) The social benefits were better. The average annual labor demand of raw Camellia oleifera plantation in 15A was 18 workers/667m2, which could provide employment opportunities for the local idle labor force. From 2000 to 2014, the net income of the average household of the Camellia oleifera households surveyed had a large margin. Increase, from 8000 yuan to 2040 yuan, an increase of nearly 151%, the average net income per household accumulated 182,000 yuan, of which 92,000 yuan was the income of migrant workers, accounting for 51%, followed by cultivation of Camellia oleifera income 58,000 yuan, accounting for 32%. By analyzing the relationship between Camellia oleifera income and household net income, R2 = 0.7, it can be seen in Xiushan County. The development of Camellia oleifera planting in rocky desertification area has played a very important role in increasing local farmers'income; 72% of Camellia oleifera planting farmers have positive attitude towards Camellia oleifera planting; the main problems encountered by local farmers in the process of planting Camellia oleifera are low yield, extensive management, low level of industrialization, imperfect planting service system and management concept. Backward and so on.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：西南大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：S794.4

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