本文選題：景觀遺傳學(xué) + 景觀格局��； 參考：《遼寧大學(xué)》2017年碩士論文

【摘要】：隨著我國城市化進(jìn)程的加快,人類對自然環(huán)境的擾動日益嚴(yán)重。城市化導(dǎo)致景觀格局的變化,改變物種生存環(huán)境,使得物種生境破碎或者喪失,進(jìn)而,可能會對物種的遺傳多樣性造成重大的影響。然而,我們對此影響及可能的原因了解的較少。景觀遺傳學(xué)是景觀生態(tài)學(xué)、種群遺傳學(xué)和統(tǒng)計學(xué)等多學(xué)科融合而成的新興學(xué)科,在物種保護(hù)與城市開發(fā)規(guī)劃中有巨大的潛力。景觀遺傳學(xué)的發(fā)展使研究物種生存環(huán)境的改變對遺傳多樣性的影響成為可能。本研究以發(fā)展中城市與濱�？h鎮(zhèn)開發(fā)區(qū)域為研究對象,選取沈陽市和遼河三角洲為研究樣本,用景觀遺傳學(xué)的原理和方法,探討城市化對物種的遺傳多樣性影響及其可能的機(jī)制。以期為城市化進(jìn)程中生物多樣性的保護(hù)及持續(xù)利用提供科技支撐。近年來,沈陽市城市化進(jìn)程加快,顯著影響城市景觀格局。本研究通過對比1992年與2013年的遙感影像,發(fā)現(xiàn)其建設(shè)用地面積增大,綠地、農(nóng)田面積減小,而構(gòu)成主體景觀的綠地斑塊密度指數(shù)增加183%、農(nóng)田的斑塊密度指數(shù)增加337%,表明景觀類型呈現(xiàn)破碎化趨勢。通過模型模擬表明,與1992年相比,2013年的鳥類遺傳多樣性呈顯著降低趨勢。由此推測,沈陽市快速發(fā)展導(dǎo)致的景觀破碎,對鳥類遺傳多樣性影響顯著。在通過模擬建立生態(tài)廊道,提高生境面積等一系列措施后,鳥類的遺傳多樣性得到明顯改善。翅堿蓬是遼河三角洲區(qū)域代表性植被,其生長沿海區(qū)域被稱為“紅海灘”,但從1995年至2014年間其退化明顯。本研究通過對其Landsat TM地圖解譯,發(fā)現(xiàn)該區(qū)域灘涂面積明顯增加,且向海洋方向推進(jìn),河流變窄,農(nóng)田增加,沿海建設(shè)用地所占面積增大。通過模擬研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)該區(qū)域景觀格局使堿蓬遺傳分化增大,遺傳多樣性降低。2014年對該區(qū)域堿蓬進(jìn)行采樣研究,通過生物遺傳學(xué)實驗,發(fā)現(xiàn)沿海區(qū)域與其余分布區(qū)域堿蓬有一定的遺傳分化現(xiàn)象,其遺傳結(jié)果與地理距離有正相關(guān)關(guān)系。Shannon信息指數(shù)(I)為0.771,Nei基因多樣性指數(shù)(H)為0.450,顯示其遺傳多樣性處于中低水平。該實驗結(jié)果符合景觀遺傳學(xué)模擬結(jié)果。
[Abstract]:With the acceleration of urbanization in China, human disturbance to the natural environment is becoming more and more serious. Urbanization leads to the change of landscape pattern, changes the living environment of species, breaks or loses the habitat of species, and may have a significant impact on the genetic diversity of species. However, we do not know much about the effects and possible causes. Landscape genetics is a new subject of landscape ecology, population genetics and statistics, which has great potential in species protection and urban development planning. With the development of landscape genetics, it is possible to study the influence of species living environment on genetic diversity. In this study, the developing city and Binhai town development area were taken as the research objects, Shenyang and Liaohe Delta were selected as the research samples, and the principles and methods of landscape genetics were used. To explore the effect of urbanization on genetic diversity of species and its possible mechanism. In order to provide scientific and technological support for the conservation and sustainable utilization of biodiversity in the process of urbanization. In recent years, Shenyang City urbanization process accelerated, significantly affected the urban landscape pattern. By comparing the remote sensing images of 1992 and 2013, it is found that the construction land area increases, the green land area decreases, and the farmland area decreases. The patch density index of greenbelt and farmland increased by 183and 337respectively, which indicated that the landscape type showed a trend of fragmentation. Compared with 1992, the genetic diversity of birds decreased significantly in 2013. It is inferred that the landscape fragmentation caused by the rapid development of Shenyang has a significant effect on the genetic diversity of birds. After a series of measures, such as establishing ecological corridor and increasing habitat area, the genetic diversity of birds was obviously improved. Suaeda salsa is a typical vegetation in the Liaohe River Delta. Its growing coastal area is called "Red Beach", but it degraded obviously from 1995 to 2014. Based on the interpretation of Landsat TM map, it is found that the area of tidal flat in this area is obviously increasing, and the area is advancing toward the sea, the river becomes narrower, the farmland increases, and the area of coastal construction land increases. Through simulation study, it was found that the landscape pattern of Suaeda salsa increased genetic differentiation and decreased genetic diversity. In 2014, samples were collected from Suaeda salsa in this area, and biogenetic experiments were carried out. It was found that Suaeda salsa had a certain genetic differentiation phenomenon between coastal and other distribution areas. The genetic results were positively related to geographical distance. Shannon information index (I) was 0.771Nei gene diversity index (H) 0.450, indicating that the genetic diversity of Suaeda salsa was at low and middle level. The experimental results are consistent with the results of landscape genetics simulation.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：遼寧大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：Q16

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