本文選題：納帕海濕地　切入點：景觀格局　出處：《云南大學》2015年碩士論文　論文類型：學位論文

【摘要】：濕地景觀變化研究有助于識別濕地的生態(tài)過程,預測濕地的變化態(tài)勢。生境質(zhì)量評價則可以幫助制定合理科學的濕地保護和管理措施。納帕海濕地是最具有代表性的季節(jié)性高原湖沼濕地類型,是黑頸鶴重要的越冬棲息地之一,對其景觀格局變化及其對黑頸鶴生境質(zhì)量開展研究,提出保護和管理濕地生態(tài)系統(tǒng)對策,對發(fā)掘納帕海濕地生態(tài)潛力具有重要的意義。本文以濕地學和景觀生態(tài)學理論為基礎,以ENVI和ArcGIS平臺為支撐,通過解譯納帕海濕地1995年、2005年和2014年旱季的LandsatTM\ETM+遙感影像,研究三個時期的景觀格局狀況,分析納帕海濕地景觀格局變化和驅(qū)動因子,并對景觀格局變化背景下越冬黑頸鶴生境質(zhì)量進行評價。主要結(jié)論如下： 1.從景觀類型的面積來看,研究區(qū)景觀變化顯著,主要表現(xiàn)為明水濕地和沼澤-濕草甸等自然濕地景觀占比的顯著減少和中生草甸、建設用地以及裸地等非濕地景觀類型占比的大幅度增加。1995-2005年,明水濕地減少了263.82hm2,降幅達24.84%,沼澤-濕草甸減少了14.29hm2,降幅達1.60%；2005～2014年,明水濕地減少了422.22hm2,降幅達52.90%,沼澤-濕草甸減少了359.15hm2,降幅達40.78%。從1995-2014年,明水濕地在20年間降幅達64.60%,沼澤-濕草甸降幅達41.73%。2005～2014年濕地景觀喪失的面積大于1995-2005年喪失的面積,濕地景觀喪失的速率也明顯快于1995～2005年。 2.從景觀格局指數(shù)來看,1995-2005年期間,斑塊數(shù)量增加,平均斑塊面積減少,斑塊之間的平均距離減少,香農(nóng)多樣性指數(shù)和香農(nóng)均勻度指數(shù)增加,景觀指數(shù)的變化說明,這一時期研究區(qū)景觀破碎化顯著,主要以濕地景觀破碎化為主；2005-2014年期間,斑塊數(shù)量減少,平均斑塊面積增加,香農(nóng)多樣性指數(shù)和香農(nóng)均勻度指數(shù)均減少,這一時期濕地生態(tài)變化主要是濕地景觀向非濕地景觀轉(zhuǎn)變,景觀多樣性降低。前一時期,景觀格局變化以破碎化為主,后一時期以濕地景觀向非濕地景觀斑塊轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)橹�。]995-2014年期間,研究區(qū)景觀呈現(xiàn)顯著的退化,景觀多樣性降低。 3.納帕海景觀變化主要受自然和人為兩方面因素的影響,其中人為干擾影響較為顯著。人為干擾主要指濕地圍墾政策,當?shù)鼐用癫缓侠頍o序的濕地開發(fā)行為。近些年來,對納帕海濕地景觀格局的影響較為顯著的活動主要是：周邊公路的改建、濕地落水洞的改造以及當?shù)鼐用竦姆拍粱顒拥?這些都對濕地生態(tài)的演替產(chǎn)生了直接影響。加上受全球性氣候變暖的趨勢的影響,納帕海地區(qū)氣候呈現(xiàn)暖干的趨勢,氣候變化和人為活動的疊加效應加劇了納帕海濕地的逆向演替進程。 4.通過野外實地調(diào)查和查閱資料,確定影響黑頸鶴生境質(zhì)量的三大主要因子：人為干擾因子、食物因子和水分條件,本文根據(jù)主要生境因子建立黑頸鶴生境質(zhì)量評價模型。從生境質(zhì)量評價結(jié)果來看,黑頸鶴棲息地適宜生境和次適宜生境面積呈持續(xù)下降趨勢,不適宜和次不適宜生境面積呈上升趨勢,棲息地破碎化顯著,由在壩區(qū)均勻分布演變?yōu)樵谘芯繀^(qū)北部集中分布。 根據(jù)研究區(qū)景觀格局變化、驅(qū)動力分析以及黑頸鶴生境質(zhì)量評價結(jié)果,本研究最后從樹立科學發(fā)展觀、提高濕地的保護觀念、采取工程措施以及提高管理能力等方面提出了保護納帕海濕地的對策和建議。針對黑頸鶴而言,從注重加強棲息地的保護與恢復,合理調(diào)節(jié)水位、保障棲息生境,減少人為干擾和環(huán)境污染以及提高宣教能力建設等方面提出了保護其棲息地的措施。
[Abstract]:Study on the ecological processes of wetland landscape changes contribute to the identification of wetlands, wetland change situation prediction. Habitat quality evaluation can help to develop scientific and rational wetland protection and management measures. Napahai Wetland is the most representative of the lake wetland seasonal plateau type, is one of the important wintering habitat of black necked cranes, the landscape the pattern of variation of black necked Crane Habitat quality research, put forward the protection and management of wetland ecosystem countermeasures, has important significance to explore the ecological potential of Napahai Wetland. This paper takes the wetland science and landscape ecology theory as the basis, using ENVI and ArcGIS platform as the support, through the interpretation of Napahai wetland in 2005 and 1995, LandsatTMETM+ remote sensing image the dry season of 2014, the landscape patterns of the three period of the study, analysis of landscape pattern change in Napahai Wetland and driving factors, and the landscape pattern changes The evaluation of habitat quality under the background of black necked cranes. The main conclusions are as follows:
From the 1. types of landscape area, the landscape changed significantly, mainly for the water - wet meadow wetlands and marsh natural wetland landscape proportion was significantly reduced and in the meadow, the construction of non wetland landscape types and bare land accounted for a substantial increase in.1995-2005 years, Mingshui wetland decreased 263.82hm2 decline 24.84%, marsh wet meadow decreased by 14.29hm2, a drop of 1.60%; 2005~2014 years, Mingshui wetland decreased 422.22hm2, a drop of 52.90%, marsh wet meadow decreased by 359.15hm2, a drop of 40.78%. from 1995-2014 years in 20 years, the wetland water drop of 64.60%, a drop of 41.73%.2005 wet meadow marsh wetland landscape lost ~ 2014 the area of more than 1995-2005 years the size of the loss, the loss rate of wetland landscape is faster than 1995~2005 years.
2. from the landscape pattern index, a period of 1995-2005 years, the number of patches increased, the average patch area decreased, the average distance between patches decreased, Shannon Shannon diversity index and evenness index increased, indicating the changes of landscape index, landscape fragmentation during this period of study area significantly, mainly in the wetland landscape fragmentation; during the 2005-2014 years the number of patches decreased, the average patch area increased, Shannon's diversity index and Shannon's evenness index decreased, the change of wetland ecological this period is mainly the change of wetland landscape to non wetland landscape, landscape diversity decreased. The previous period, the landscape pattern changes to fragmentation, after a period of wetland landscape to non wetland landscape plaque change during the period of.]995-2014, the landscape is significantly degraded, landscape diversity decreased.
The 3. Napa Lake landscape change is mainly affected by natural and human factors of two aspects, including the influence of human disturbance is more significant. Human disturbance mainly refers to the wetland reclamation policy, wetland development behavior of the local residents unreasonable disorder. In recent years, the Napahai Wetland Landscape Pattern affect the more significant activities are: the surrounding highway reconstruction the transformation, wetland sinkholes and local residents grazing activities, has a direct impact on the wetland ecological succession. The influence of global warming trend, the climate is Napahai warm dry trend, combined effects of climate change and human activities aggravate the adverse succession process in Napahai Wetland.
4. through field investigation and consulting data, to determine the influence of three main factors: the black necked Crane Habitat quality disturbance factor, food factors and water conditions, this paper establishes the evaluation model according to the habitat quality of black necked Crane main habitat factors. The habitat quality evaluation results, and the black necked Crane Habitat suitable habitat suitable habitat area showed a declining trend, not the suitable and unsuitable habitat area increased significantly by habitat fragmentation, in the evolution of uniform distribution concentrated in the northern part of the study area.
According to the change of the landscape pattern, driving force analysis and the black necked Crane Habitat quality evaluation results, this research finally set up from Scientific Outlook on Development, improve wetland protection concept, put forward the countermeasure and suggestion of the Napahai Wetland Protection Measures and improve the management ability. For strengthening from black necked cranes, and restoration of habitat protection, reasonable water level regulation, protection of habitat, the habitat protection measures and improve education capacity building to reduce human disturbance and environmental pollution.

【學位授予單位】：云南大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：Q958;P901

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