本文關(guān)鍵詞：寧夏西海固回族聚落營建及發(fā)展策略研究　出處：《西安建筑科技大學(xué)》2015年博士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

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【摘要】：寧夏西海固地區(qū)是我國西北典型的生態(tài)環(huán)境惡劣、經(jīng)濟(jì)落后、民族關(guān)系復(fù)雜、政治敏感的區(qū)域。西海固位于寧夏回族自治區(qū)南部,包括固原(原州區(qū))、海原縣、西吉縣、隆德縣、彭陽縣、涇源縣、同心縣、鹽池縣,共7縣一區(qū),占寧夏土地總面積的58.8%。西海固地區(qū)資源的顯著特征是光、熱能源、土地資源豐富,回族特色宗教文化資源豐富多樣;但與地區(qū)人類生產(chǎn)、生活以及人居環(huán)境建設(shè)密切相關(guān)的森林、耕地、草地等資源短缺,水資源極度匱乏。由于資源稟賦的約束,以及歷史上人類與自然氣候、自然災(zāi)害的頻頻作用,目前,西海固地區(qū)面臨著水資源、耕地資源承載力接近臨界值、生態(tài)環(huán)境破壞嚴(yán)重、土地沙化、荒漠化加劇、風(fēng)沙災(zāi)害頻繁等嚴(yán)重的生態(tài)問題。從歷史與現(xiàn)實的教訓(xùn)來看,西海固地區(qū)人居環(huán)境不斷惡化的人為原因在于:對該地區(qū)氣候、自然資源以及豐富的回族特色宗教文化資源條件沒有清晰的認(rèn)識,對自然環(huán)境、資源的開發(fā)與利用不當(dāng),對地域民族宗教文化的承傳與發(fā)展不夠。在當(dāng)前城市化、生態(tài)移民進(jìn)程加快的形勢下,西海固地區(qū)的鄉(xiāng)村聚落建設(shè)過程不但沒有繼承與發(fā)展傳統(tǒng)聚落營建智慧和優(yōu)勢,反而脫離地域資源條件的約束、不顧民族地域文化傳承,盲目套用城市人居環(huán)境的建設(shè)模式,導(dǎo)致資源損毀與人居矛盾的加劇。使得原本特色鮮明的少數(shù)民族傳統(tǒng)聚落失去本真,帶來了地區(qū)居住形態(tài)的衰落與良好民族社區(qū)氛圍的喪失,更為嚴(yán)重的是將會激化該地區(qū)的民族矛盾。寧夏西海固回族傳統(tǒng)鄉(xiāng)村聚落營建規(guī)律及當(dāng)前鄉(xiāng)村聚落的發(fā)展策略研究,能夠緩解寧夏西海固地區(qū)人居環(huán)境的矛盾,同時對于引導(dǎo)西北地區(qū)普遍存在的少數(shù)民族地區(qū)鄉(xiāng)村聚落建設(shè)具有啟示意義。本研究以特定區(qū)域自然生態(tài)環(huán)境、人文宗教與聚落營建的內(nèi)在關(guān)聯(lián)作為研究切入點,綜合運用人居環(huán)境學(xué)等理論、方法作為指導(dǎo),通過廣泛的調(diào)查與資料的收集,將西海固地區(qū)的鄉(xiāng)村聚落、鄉(xiāng)土建筑作為主要研究對象,揭示其中影響回族聚落分布格局、聚落選址、聚落空間結(jié)構(gòu)、聚落形態(tài)中心、鄉(xiāng)土建筑營建技術(shù)、宗教建筑的審美藝術(shù)及裝飾技術(shù)發(fā)展、變化的主要因素、具體特征與特定規(guī)律。在此基礎(chǔ)上,結(jié)合當(dāng)代西海固地區(qū)地域資源特征,生產(chǎn)、生活特點,提出當(dāng)前西海固回族聚落的發(fā)展策略。研究工作的主要內(nèi)容如下:(1)歷史時期西海固傳統(tǒng)鄉(xiāng)村聚落演變歷程及特征以寧夏地區(qū)社會歷史、自然環(huán)境變遷的軌跡為線索,研究西海固地區(qū)各個歷史時期聚落形成、發(fā)展、演變的特征,關(guān)注聚落分布格局、聚落選址特征、聚落形態(tài)與空間結(jié)構(gòu)、傳統(tǒng)鄉(xiāng)土建筑形態(tài)與營建技術(shù)以及營建材料的變化特征,挖掘傳統(tǒng)聚落的演變機制,探尋應(yīng)對地區(qū)資源、自然條件的生態(tài)文化理念、人居環(huán)境建設(shè)策略及傳統(tǒng)聚落營建的規(guī)律性因素。(2)西海固回族聚落營建與自然環(huán)境、回漢文化融合的深層關(guān)系研究針對西海固地區(qū)回族鄉(xiāng)村聚落生態(tài)環(huán)境的惡劣、自然資源的極度匱乏、人文宗教思想的豐富多樣、社會經(jīng)濟(jì)的落后等特定條件,以人居環(huán)境科學(xué)、建筑學(xué)、城鄉(xiāng)規(guī)劃學(xué)、人文地理學(xué)、宗教學(xué)、民族學(xué)等學(xué)科為理論指導(dǎo),結(jié)合少數(shù)民族地區(qū)聚落研究已有成果,從自然環(huán)境、回漢文化融合兩個方面深入研究提取聚落應(yīng)對自然資源環(huán)境的營建智慧以及受到回漢文化融合影響的聚落特征,進(jìn)而探討其相互關(guān)系,探尋聚落營建與發(fā)展的關(guān)鍵點。(3)自然環(huán)境約束下、人文宗教影響下的聚落營建規(guī)律研究研究通過剖析不同時期、不同尺度的西海固傳統(tǒng)聚落應(yīng)對地區(qū)土地資源、水資源、氣候資源、建材資源等方面的營建實例,對回漢文化融合下西海固傳統(tǒng)回族聚落的宗教建筑特征、“寺坊”形態(tài)特征以及民居空間進(jìn)行了深入研究。系統(tǒng)總結(jié)回應(yīng)地域資源、適應(yīng)地區(qū)文化的聚落營建規(guī)律與適宜技術(shù)。(4)西海固回族聚落發(fā)展策略研究整合以上研究成果,結(jié)合回族傳統(tǒng)聚落面對今天的快速城市化、生產(chǎn)方式、生活方式的劇烈變化的前提下,在認(rèn)真分析原有鄉(xiāng)土聚落優(yōu)勢的基礎(chǔ)上,積極探索傳統(tǒng)營建技術(shù)的提升與優(yōu)化途徑,為當(dāng)前西海固地區(qū)回族鄉(xiāng)村聚落的可持續(xù)發(fā)展及生態(tài)移民新村的科學(xué)建設(shè)提供借鑒。
[Abstract]:Ningxia is a typical Xihaigu area northwest of China's ecological environment is bad, economic backwardness, the complex ethnic relations, politically sensitive area. In the south of the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, including Guyuan (Yuanzhou District), Haiyuan County, Xiji County, Longde County, Pengyang County, Jingyuan County, Tongxin County, Yanchi County, a total of 7 counties and one district a significant feature, accounted for the total land area of Ningxia Xihaigu area 58.8%. resources are light, heat energy, rich land resources, Hui nationality religious culture resources rich; but with the area of human production, life and living environment is closely related to the construction of forest, farmland, grassland resources, water resources is extremely scarce. Due to resource endowment constraints, as well as the history of mankind and natural climate, natural disasters frequently, at present, Xihaigu area facing the water, close to the critical value of the bearing capacity of land resources, serious damage to the ecological environment, land Desertification, desertification, sandstorm disasters such as serious ecological problems. From the point of view of the lessons of history and reality, is man-made causes deterioration of the living environment in Xihaigu region: in the area of climate, natural resources and the Hui nationality religious culture resources abundant no clear understanding of the natural environment, the exploitation and utilization of resources not enough on the inheritance and development of regional ethnic and religious culture. In the current city, speeding up the process of ecological immigration situation, rural settlements construction Xihaigu area not only the inheritance and development of traditional settlements construction wisdom and advantages, but from the regional resource constraints, regardless of national and regional cultural heritage, to city living environment the construction mode of the blind, resulting in resource damage and living contradictions. The original distinctive ethnic traditional settlements lose authenticity, Bring the area living patterns of fading loss and good atmosphere of ethnic communities, more serious is the region will intensify ethnic conflicts. The development of Ningxia Xihaigu Hui traditional rural settlements construction of law and the current rural settlement strategy research, it can alleviate the contradiction of human settlements in Ningxia Xihaigu area, and to guide the rural settlement construction in minority areas widespread in Northwest China. This study has implications in a specific area of natural ecological environment, human relation of religion and settlement construction as a research starting point, comprehensive use of human settlements theory, method as a guide, through extensive investigation and data collection, the rural settlements in Xihaigu area, vernacular architecture as the main research the object, revealing the influence of Hui settlement distribution pattern, location, spatial structure of settlement, settlement form center, Xiang The construction technology of soil architecture, religious architecture aesthetic art and decoration technology development, the main factors of the changes, and the specific law of the specific characteristics. On this basis, combined with the characteristics of regional resources in contemporary Xihaigu area of production, life characteristics, and puts forward the development strategy of the Xihaigu Hui settlement. The main contents of this work are as follows: (1) historical period the traditional rural settlements in the evolution and features of the social history of Ningxia area, natural environment change as the clue, the formation, settlement of each historical period development Xihaigu area of research, the evolution of the characteristics, puts emphasis on the distribution pattern, location characteristics, settlement patterns and spatial structure, the traditional vernacular architecture form and construction technology and the characteristics of the construction materials the evolution mechanism of traditional settlements, mining area, explore coping resources, natural conditions, ecological culture, construction of human settlements environment policy Regularity factors slightly and the traditional settlement construction. (2) Xihaigu Hui settlement construction and the natural environment, to study the deep relationship between the Han culture in Hui Village ecological environment in the area of the poor, extremely scarce natural resources, humanistic religious thought is abundant, social economic backwardness and other specific conditions, with the living environment science, architecture, urban planning, human geography, religion, ethnology and other disciplines as the theoretical guidance, combined with the minority areas of settlement research, from the natural environment, to in-depth study of construction settlement deal with natural resources and environment to extract wisdom and subject to the settlement characteristics of Hui and Han culture fusion of Han culture in two aspects of integration, and to explore the relationship, to explore the key points of settlement construction and development. (3) the natural environment, research on settlement construction of law under the influence of religion of humanity Study through the analysis of different periods, different scales of traditional settlements with land resources in Xihaigu, water resources, climate resources, resources and other aspects of the construction example of building materials, architectural features of religious culture under the fusion of traditional Xihaigu Hui and Han Hui settlement, "Si Fang" morphological characteristics and residential space were studied. The system response to regional summary resources, adaptation and appropriate technology of settlement construction area culture. (4) the development strategy of the integration of Hui settlement the above research results, in the face of today's rapid urbanization, combined with the Hui traditional settlement mode of production, dramatic changes in lifestyle of the premise, based on careful analysis of the existing settlements on the advantages of active exploration the traditional construction technology improvement and optimization approach for the sustainable development of the rural settlements of Hui Xihaigu area and Ecological Immigration New Village of Science The construction provides a reference.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：西安建筑科技大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：TU253;TU982.29

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