本文選題：絕交 + 漢魏六朝��； 參考：《遼寧大學(xué)》2017年碩士論文

【摘要】：在漢魏六朝這一時(shí)期,由于政局更迭,思想多元,人們的思想意識(shí)發(fā)生了很大的轉(zhuǎn)變,這也自然反映在日常交游及交友心理上,在此時(shí)期的文學(xué)作品中散布著不少關(guān)于絕交的故事及文章。絕交主題的興盛既是當(dāng)時(shí)激憤執(zhí)著的士人心態(tài)的體現(xiàn),也是受復(fù)雜的政治文化影響而出現(xiàn)的社會(huì)現(xiàn)象。早在先秦的著作中就有一些關(guān)于交友主題的道德論述,先賢關(guān)于交與絕交的思考對(duì)后世士人交友觀的形成影響極大,儒道對(duì)交友的道德論述成為了后世士人心中的交友準(zhǔn)則。后至漢魏,政治上推行人才舉薦制度,交游之風(fēng)隨之盛行,然而這種以權(quán)勢(shì)利益維系的交往極其脆弱,當(dāng)政局變更或利益相悖時(shí),往日情誼轉(zhuǎn)眼消逝,史書中不乏此類故事。面對(duì)污濁虛偽的世風(fēng),一些潔身自好的士人恥于與趨炎附勢(shì)的群體為伍,甚至以絕交的姿態(tài)表明自己的立場(chǎng),如朱穆、嵇康之類正直之士痛斥趨利士風(fēng),其文章成為絕交論的經(jīng)典之作。以絕交故事來看,士人之間的絕交或?qū)坏赖倪`背,或與交友對(duì)象不和,更多的是由于彼此觀念的不投,從絕交這種決裂的行為方式最可窺見隱藏在人物心理的深層動(dòng)機(jī)及其產(chǎn)生的時(shí)代原因和象征意義。絕交主題與漢魏六朝士風(fēng)之變遷是本文論述的要點(diǎn),絕交心態(tài)的發(fā)展與士風(fēng)的變遷有著密切的關(guān)系。從政治方面看,東漢末年起至南北朝終四百多年間,戰(zhàn)亂紛爭(zhēng),時(shí)局不穩(wěn),士人命運(yùn)沉浮。當(dāng)士人身處亂世之中,政局更迭頻繁使得政治勢(shì)力分化,各方勢(shì)力斗爭(zhēng)嚴(yán)重,士人在朝廷中的政治立場(chǎng)也出現(xiàn)對(duì)立,因而難免出現(xiàn)故交盟友不得不針鋒相對(duì)甚至分道揚(yáng)鑣的局面。其次在思想方面,漢魏六朝間儒道思想對(duì)士風(fēng)及士人的精神世界產(chǎn)生重要的影響。儒家強(qiáng)調(diào)士人勇于承擔(dān)社會(huì)責(zé)任,對(duì)政治問題應(yīng)有一己之見,不能隨波逐流,因此不少士人因彼此政治立場(chǎng)或觀念不和而斷交。同時(shí),儒家也欣賞“狂狷”之士,主張堅(jiān)持自我操守和獨(dú)立人格,這與漢魏名士特立獨(dú)行之行為有不少相通之處。此外,道家對(duì)個(gè)體本性的張揚(yáng)、對(duì)自由精神的向往以及對(duì)功名利祿的鄙視也在精神層面支持著士人堅(jiān)持自我個(gè)性和立場(chǎng)�？梢娊^交不僅是一種單純的行為,其中蘊(yùn)含著深刻的社會(huì)原因及心理動(dòng)機(jī)。
[Abstract]:During the period of the Han, Wei and six dynasties, due to the change of political situation and the diversity of ideology, people's ideological consciousness changed greatly, which naturally reflected in the daily making and making friends psychology. In this period of literature, there are many stories and articles about disconnection. The prosperity of the subject of disconnection is not only the embodiment of the fierce and persistent intellectual mentality at that time, but also the social phenomenon influenced by the complicated political culture. As early as in the works of the Pre-Qin Dynasty, there were some moral argumentations on the subject of making friends. The thoughts of the sages on the making and diskeeping of friends had a great influence on the formation of the concept of making friends of the scholars of later generations, and the moral exposition of Confucianism and Taoism on making friends became the criterion of making friends in the hearts of the scholars of later generations. Then to the Han and Wei dynasties, the system of recommending talents was carried out in politics, and the wind of making friends became popular. However, this kind of communication maintained by power interests was extremely fragile. When the political situation changed or interests conflicted, the friendship of the past disappeared in a twinkling of an eye, and there were no shortage of such stories in the history books. In the face of the dirty and hypocritical world style, some self-righteous scholars were ashamed to be associated with groups that tended to inflame themselves, and even expressed their positions in a disconnected manner, such as Zhu Mu and Ji Kang, who lambasted the trend towards Li Scholars. His article has become a classic of the theory of separation of friends. In the story of the separation of friends, the disconnection between scholars or their dealings, or their discord with their friends, is more due to their disbelief in each other's ideas. From the behavior of breaking up, we can see the deep motive hidden in the characters' psychology, the age reason and the symbolic meaning. The theme of separation and the changes of the style of scholars in Han, Wei and six dynasties are the main points of this paper, and the development of the disconnection mentality is closely related to the changes of the style of scholars. From the political point of view, from the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty to the end of the Southern and Northern dynasties for more than 400 years, wars and disputes, the situation is unstable, the fate of scholars ups and downs. When the scholars were in turbulent times, the frequent political changes caused the political forces to be divided, and the struggle between the various forces was serious. The political positions of the scholars in the imperial court were also opposed. As a result, it was inevitable that old allies would have to fight tit-for-tat or even part ways. Secondly, in the aspect of thought, Confucianism and Taoism during the Han, Wei and six dynasties had an important influence on the intellectual style and the spiritual world of the scholars. Confucianism stressed that scholars have the courage to assume social responsibility, should have their own views on political issues, can not go with the current, so many scholars because of their political stand or concept of discord and break up. At the same time, the Confucianists also appreciated the "manic" people, and advocated to adhere to their own integrity and independent personality, which had much in common with the maverick behavior of the famous people in the Han and Wei dynasties. In addition, Taoism's publicity of individual nature, yearning for the spirit of freedom and contempt for fame and fortune also support the scholars to adhere to their own personality and stand. It can be seen that disconnection is not only a simple behavior, which contains profound social reasons and psychological motives.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：遼寧大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：I206.2

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