發(fā)布時(shí)間：2016-06-08 22:19

What is a dissertation? 什么是論文？

如上所述，一篇論文是一篇獨(dú)立的研究，對(duì)你所選擇的主題進(jìn)行研究。這一研究是由你們單獨(dú)完成的，在講座和研討會(huì)的形式以及導(dǎo)師的指導(dǎo)下進(jìn)行的。本論文為您提供了自主學(xué)習(xí)和自我發(fā)展的機(jī)會(huì)，并在一系列的學(xué)科和經(jīng)驗(yàn)的基礎(chǔ)上部署解決問(wèn)題的技能。它讓學(xué)生有機(jī)會(huì)深入調(diào)查通信研究的一個(gè)專門的方面，并表現(xiàn)出的分析，綜合和評(píng)價(jià)的技能。
每一篇論文都是一篇獨(dú)特的作品，下面的章節(jié)通常包括在內(nèi)。As noted above, a dissertation is an independent piece of research that you carry out on a topic chosen by you. The research is carried out by you alone, with support in the form of lectures and workshops as well as guidance from your supervisor. The dissertation offers you the opportunity to exercise autonomous learning and self-development, and to deploy problem-solving skills across a range of disciplines and experiences. It gives students the opportunity to investigate in depth a specialised aspect of communications studies and demonstrate skills of analysis, synthesis and evaluation.
While every dissertation is a unique piece of work, the following sections are usually included. 

Introductory section導(dǎo)言部分

該研究的研究方向。什么是研究原理，什么是組織或背景，為什么要進(jìn)行這項(xiàng)研究，什么是它的意義？論文的研究范圍和局限性應(yīng)得到肯定。至關(guān)重要的是你的問(wèn)題的目的和目標(biāo)作出了什么明確決定。
This should contextualise the research. What is the research rationale, what is the organisational or contextual background, why should this research be undertaken, and what is its significance? There should be an acknowledgement of the scope and limitations of the dissertation. It is critical that your question, aims and objectives are made explicit.

Literature Review文獻(xiàn)綜述

The literature review provides the theoretical background to the dissertation, including a demonstration of why this literature is relevant to your specific aim. It is absolutely vital that this chapter is a critical evaluation and discussion of the relevant literature and its theoretical roots, and not merely a list of ‘who said what’ in an attempt to demonstrate how much you have read. You should demonstrate an understanding of the current thinking in the relevant discipline, as well as an appreciation of where the gaps in the literature are in relation to your question. Keep in mind that in later sections you will be discussing your findings and how they relate to the literature – in this sense the literature review frames your analysis.

Methodology 方法論

This should be an explanation and evaluation of your underlying philosophical approach to the research and the chosen methodology. You need to explain why your chosen approach is appropriate to your question and how it will inform the nature and quality of the findings and conclusions. Similarly the selection of particular methods and techniques should be evaluated in terms of how appropriate they are for this research. Advantages and limitations of the approach used should be discussed. You should include:

• Decisions made about the data required for the study (What types of data did you collect? What was your sample? Why?)
• The instruments used for their collection (interviews, focus groups, documentary analysis etc.)
• How the data was collected (where, when, what format)
• The researcher-participant relationship
• Ethical considerations relating to the method and how these were managed
• Limitations of the methods used and how these were taken into account 

Findings 結(jié)果

本章（或一系列的章節(jié)）以一個(gè)清晰且有焦點(diǎn)的方式呈現(xiàn)研究結(jié)果。牢記這一點(diǎn)的研究的目的。你開始的過(guò)程中，提出你的問(wèn)題，你設(shè)置自己的目標(biāo)。還記得你的倫理義務(wù)：這項(xiàng)發(fā)現(xiàn)應(yīng)該以一種保護(hù)脆弱的參與者的方式來(lái)表現(xiàn)，這是相關(guān)的。
This chapter (or series of chapters) presents the research findings in a clear and focused manner. Keep in mind the aim of the research at this point. You are beginning the process of presenting your answer to the question you set yourself in the aim. Remember also your ethical obligations: the findings should be presented in a way that protects vulnerable participants where relevant. 

Discussion and Analysis討論與分析

研究結(jié)果及其分析與討論可以結(jié)合起來(lái)。在討論和分析，，你思考和綜合你的結(jié)果關(guān)系到你的文學(xué)批評(píng)的評(píng)價(jià)發(fā)現(xiàn)了什么。這就是你清晰的地方，以一個(gè)專注和結(jié)構(gòu)化的方式，展示你的主要發(fā)現(xiàn)和文學(xué)主題之間的關(guān)系。你必須展示你的論文有助于當(dāng)前的思維在相關(guān)學(xué)科，也許可以通過(guò)確認(rèn)或反駁，先前已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)。本次討論中所固有的，將是一個(gè)承認(rèn)的邊界，您的研究和它的全面性的局限性。
應(yīng)該有一些結(jié)論性意見，以討論，繪制出主要的主題，從合成的主要數(shù)據(jù)，并進(jìn)行二次研究，你進(jìn)行。

The presentation of findings and their analysis and discussion can be combined. In the discussion and analysis, you reflect on and synthesise your findings in relation to what you found in your critical evaluation of the literature. This is where you clearly, and in a focused and structured way, show the relationship between your primary findings and the themes from the literature. You must show how your dissertation contributes to current thinking in the relevant discipline, perhaps by confirming or contradicting that which has been found previously. Inherent in this discussion will be an acknowledgement of the boundaries of your research and the limitations to its comprehensiveness.

There should be some concluding comments to this discussion, drawing out the main themes that emerge from the synthesis of your primary data and the secondary research you conducted.

Conclusions結(jié)論

This is where you conclude the entire work. Firstly you would need to answer the question or aim that you set yourself. In addition you need to reflect on the process of the research, highlighting where you might have done things differently to improve the dissertation by, for example, using alternative methods or attempting to neutralise any bias you may have brought to the process. You might like also to reflect on any ethical issues or difficulties that arose from your relationship with the organisation or subjects being studied. Finally, conclusions to research almost always include recommendations for further enquiry.

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