I. Introduction介紹
去年，菲律賓的超級臺風(fēng)海燕蹂躪。死亡人數(shù)超過6000人，幾乎2000人失蹤。有超過1200萬人受到了臺風(fēng)的影響，并留下了毀滅和絕望的災(zāi)難性的場景，當(dāng)它在2013年11月8日登陸時。菲律賓人已經(jīng)看到和經(jīng)歷了許多在菲律賓的臺風(fēng)。但隨著持續(xù)風(fēng)速為每小時310公里以上，海鹽是一個最大的，是有記錄的歷史。
這是第三次在不到12個月的時間里，菲律賓的災(zāi)難發(fā)生了。2013八月，臺風(fēng)潭美造成呂宋島上巨大的洪水。2012十二月，臺風(fēng)寶霞死亡達(dá)2000人，在棉蘭老島造成了17億美元的賠償金（schiermeier，2013）。海鹽可以輕易地超過數(shù)字：總的經(jīng)濟(jì)影響可能達(dá)到140億美元。這是根據(jù)報告的高級保險分析師在彭博社紐約（schiermeier，2013）。
許多專家認(rèn)為，海鹽是氣候變化的結(jié)果。氣候變化是影響這些事件的一個重要因素，它變得更加激烈了。在美國北部，有減少在西部山區(qū)積雪，在拉丁美洲的美國，有熱帶森林逐漸取代的證據(jù)，而在歐洲，是內(nèi)陸的洪水風(fēng)險增加。在發(fā)展中國家，像菲律賓這樣的發(fā)展中國家的孩子是受到了最嚴(yán)重的打擊，盡管這是造成氣候變化的最不負(fù)責(zé)任的人。除非我們開始認(rèn)真對待這個問題，據(jù)專家介紹，與氣候相關(guān)的災(zāi)害3億7500萬人每年2015的影響，從2億6300萬到2010（阿什，2013）。臺風(fēng)影響菲律賓旅游據(jù)報道，菲律賓GDP的5.9%來自旅游業(yè)（Prisco 2013）。海燕臺風(fēng)在菲律賓中部和南部的影響將會對國家的負(fù)面影響GDP從游客不選擇國家為目的地的度假選擇造成的。機(jī)場被臺風(fēng)海燕保持最頂尖的目標(biāo)可達(dá)的大規(guī)模破壞，包括長灘島島卡利博機(jī)場和機(jī)場，宿務(wù)麥克坦國際機(jī)場，保和通過塔比拉蘭機(jī)場，伊洛伊洛通過伊洛伊洛和巴哥洛機(jī)場，和普林塞薩港，巴拉望通過普林塞薩港機(jī)場（Prisco 2013）。另一個問題是在菲律賓被臺風(fēng)海燕造成的停電和停電。為了保持運行和運行，許多酒店都在汽油發(fā)電機(jī)上運行，但燃料供應(yīng)可能會耗盡，根本沒有供應(yīng)。有情況下，，需要天才能獲得下一個供應(yīng)，所以有人說，酒店只是用蠟燭點。電力供應(yīng)不足導(dǎo)致旅行或取消預(yù)訂。
Last year, the Philippines was devastated by super typhoon Haiyan. The death toll stands at more than 6,000 people and almost 2,000 people are still missing. There were more than 12 million people that have been affected by the monster typhoon and left behind catastrophic scenes of destruction and despair when it made land fall on November 8, 2013. Filipinos have seen and experienced many typhoons in the Philippines. But with sustained winds of more than 310 kilometers per hour, Haiyan is one of the biggest that was ever recorded in history.

It was the third time that disaster has struck the Philippines in less than 12 months. In August 2013, Typhoon Trami caused massive flooding on the island of Luzon. In December 2012, Typhoon Bopha killed up to 2,000 people and caused some US$1.7 billion in damages on the island of Mindanao (Schiermeier, 2013). Haiyan could easily surpass that figures: its total economic impact could reach US$14 billion. This is according to a report by a senior insurance analyst at Bloomberg in New York (Schiermeier, 2013).
Many experts believe that Haiyan is the result of climate change. Climate change is a big contributing factor to these events and it is becoming more intense. In North America, there is decreasing snowpack in the western mountains, in Latin America, there is= evidence of gradual replacement of tropical forest, and in Europe, the is an increase risk of inland flash floods. Children in developing countries like the Philippines are the hardest hit, despite of being the least responsible for causing climate change. Unless we begin to take this seriously, according to experts, climate related disasters could affect 375 million people every year by 2015, up from 263 million in 2010 (Ashdown, 2013).Typhoon Impact on Philippine Tourism According to reports, Philippine’s GDP of 5.9% came from the travel sector (Prisco, 2013). The impact of Typhoon Haiyan in the central and southern part of the Philippines will have a negative effect on the countries GDP resulting from Tourist not choosing the country as its choice of destination for vacation. Airports were massively destroyed by Typhoon Haiyan keeping most of the top destination reachable, including Boracay Island through Kalibo Airport and Caticlan Airport, Cebu through the Mactan International Airport, Bohol through the Tagbilaran Airport, Iloilo through the Iloilo and Bacolod Silay Airports, and Puerto Princesa, Palawan through the Puerto Princesa Airport (Prisco, 2013). Another problem that was caused by Typhoon Haiyan in the Philippines is power outages and blackouts. To keep operations up and running, many hotels are running on gasoline generators, but fuel supplies may run low to no supply at all. There were situations that it takes days to get the next supplies so there were instances that hotels were just lighted using candles. Lack of power supply resulted to travel or booking cancellations.

II. Paradox Between Climate Change and Tourism氣候變化與旅游業(yè)的悖論

Almost all tourists agree that good weather means good vacation. Many tourism activities takes place outdoor. Therefore, a good weather condition and clean environment are major factors for the success of any tourism destination. There are evidences that tourism development and climate change has complex interactions resulting from human actions(Xola Consulting, Inc., 2009).

1. Study shows that weather condition brought by global warning can cause destruction as result from massive flooding, huge typhoons, melting of snowcaps and disappearance of beaches or islands.
2. Whether it is short-term or long-term impacts, changes in the environment may reduce destination’s attractiveness such polluted waters, deforestation, melting glaciers, just to name a few.
3. Lifestyle changes brought about by changing seasons.
4. Induced impacts based on individual and public policies that has effects on warning but with increasing effects on tourism activity such as more energy-efficient technologies, product-diversifications that aims to prolong seasonality and reduce vulnerability. Climate change may lead to changes in climactic seasonality (Amelung, Nicholls, & Viner, 2007, p. 286). This means that many people are adjusting their holidays or schedules dependent on weather conditions. In study made by Amelung, Nicholls and Viner about the implication of climate change for global tourism with emphasis on seasonality, the report showed that within the next 30 years, the world might experience different patterns of seasonality due to climate change (p. 294). In this case, there will be placesthat are no longer viable as a tourist destination.
The Philippines is one of the countries that are vulnerable to climate change. According to PAGASA, an organization that studies natural disasters in the Philippines, analyzed climate trends from 1951 to 2009 (PAGASA, 2011). The key findings are summarized as follows:
1. There was an increase in the annual mean temperature by 0.57°C.
2. Minimum and maximum temperature range from 0.35°C to 0.94°C.
3. There was an increase of Typhoons that hit the Philippines with higher sustained winds to 150 kph and above.
4. The analysis of extreme temperatures and massive rainfalls indicate an increase in hot days and decrease of cold night.
According to the study made by Peeters, he concluded that tourism and travel sector contributes to the climate change more than it contributes to the global economy. Thus this sector is eco-inefficient with respect to global warming (2008, p. 7). He argues that tourism and travel sectors are highly dependent on energy transport and luxury accommodation that resulted to decreasing the eco-efficiency (p. 7)
The Philippines has made its contribution in environmental conservation and protection
but the efforts are not enough to solve treats to the environment and climate change. Land conversion and development with have taken its toll on the country’s forest, marine life and environment (Defense Language Institute of Foreign Language Center, 2011).

III. Examples of Destinations or Companies or Global目的地或公司或全球的例子

Organizations that are dealing with the climate change practices:
World Tourism Organization (UNWTO):Organization like World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) and UN system are working to address the issue of climate change. This organization believe that global warming are caused by human activities that emit greenhouses gases that causes the earth’s temperature to rise between 1.8°C and 4°C by the end of this century (UNWTO, 2007).Davos Declaration was organized by World Tourism Organization to address the issue of global change (UNWTO, 2007, p. 2). In the conference in 2007, the participants have who represents 80 countries and 22 international organization; they agreed the following:
1. Climate is an important factor for Tourism but the same sector is also a big contributor of global CO2 emissions.
2. Tourism is a big contributor to global economy, a big contributor to UN Goals for sustainability and important part of society.
3. Tourism should adapt to policies that reflects a “quadruple bottom line” of environmental, social, economic, and climate responsiveness.
4. Tourism Sector must address climate change issues and help to reduce CO2 emissions.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC):Another organization that was established in 1988 by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) is the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). It consists of different scientist all over the world to assess the most scientific, technical and socio-economic information on climate change issues.
In the summary report prepared by IPCC for Policy makers (IPCC, 2013), they presented the following observations:
1. Earth’s surface is successively warmer and that the last 30 years was the warmest period of the last 1400 years.
2. Energy of the climate system mostly came from the Ocean warming.The scientists were certain that temperature of ocean is rising.
3. Cryosphere consists of glaciers and ice sheets have been loosing mass for the last two decades in Greenland and Antarctic.
4. Sea levels from 1901 to 2010 rose by an average of 0.19 meters.
5. There was an increase in CO2, methane and nitrous oxide in the atmosphere in an unprecedented proportion for the last 800,000 years.
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC):
The organization has 21 members from countries in the Asia Pacific Region. Its mission is to support sustainable economic growth and prosperity for its members. APEC is accountable for its energy consumption estimated at 60% of what world consumes. As the region becomes more progressive and industrialized, its consumption will also increase. In this connection, the organization has the responsibility to contribute to climate change initiatives.
APEC has established working groups to meet its climate change goals.
1. The Energy Working Group is responsible for informing and advising energy policy makers, business community, and industry experts on issues relating to energy.
2. The Asia-Pacific Network for Energy Technology is responsible on  energy research.
3. The Energy Security Initiative is responsible in addressing the region’s energy supply. Global Environment Facility (GEF):
The Philippines has partnerships with Global Environment Facility. It consists of 183 countries from international institutions, civil society organizations (CSOs), and the private sector to address the issues relating to environment, one of their main focuses is climate change. GEF projects help developing countries and economies in transition. This projects are designed to meets the overall objective of United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) (Global Environment Facility, 2013).
The GEF support projects in:
1. Reduction of greenhouse emissions
2. Climate change adaptation measures for developing countries
Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR):The Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) is the Philippine’s driving force in pursuit of sustainable development for the protection, conservation and management of Philippine’s environment and natural resources. This department has created an external office called Climate Change Office and work with other national government agencies, non-government organizations and local government units on matters related to climate change (DENR, 2013).
Some of the programs of DENR’s Climate Change Office are as follows:
1. Adaptation and adaptation strategies of climate change in coastal areas.
2. Reduction of emissions from deforestation and forest degradation.
3. Philippine climate change adaptation project.
Philippines Climate Change Commission (CCC):
The Climate Change Commission (CCC) was established to implement national climate change strategy and the climate change action plan to adapt to climate change and reduce national greenhouse gas emissions efficiently and purposively (CCC, 2011). It is empowered to formulate strategic framework on climate change to serve as basic for program for management, development, and activities on climate change.
Climate Change Commission plans are divided to two ultimate outcomes:
1. Enhance adaptive capacities of communities, resilience of natural ecosystem and sustainability of built environment to climate change.
2. Successful transition towards climate-smart development.Society for Sustainable Tourism and Development, Inc. (SSTDI):With offices in the Philippines and Japan, a non-profit, non-government organization that provides training and capacity building for private and public sectors to attain sustainability. Its mission is to support green solutions and sustainable tourism. One of its projects is called the Boracay Initiative (SSTDI, 2013). The project is to promote sustainability in the Boracay Island, Philippines known to be one of the top destinations in the world. The strategy is to work with private and public sector for the following programs:
1. Sustainability, Capacity Building, Training, and Educational programs. This includes studies on water and waste management programs, renewable energies, disaster, and prevention management.
2. Zero Carbon Resorts. This project is to promote resorts and establishments within the island to switch from use of fossil fuel to renewable energy resources.
Station I –Boracay Island,Philippines Palawan Council for Sustainable Development (PCSD):
The organization work with the Philippine Government, the mission is to promote development, conservation, management, protection and utilization of the natural resources of Palawan for the present and future generations (PCSD, 2004).PCSD’s accomplishment in 2012 includes:
1. Research on climate change vulnerabilities in some islands of Palawan and policy formulation for sustainability and water use within the islands.
2. The council organizes seminars about environmental laws and trainings on climate change adaptation.
3. They established monitoring systems for resources in Palawan. It evaluates water quality, river systems, and coastal resources. The processes are conducted yearly to assess the stability of the resource and the ecosystem.
4. They have Green Benefit Monitoring and Evaluation System (GBMES) to monitor the benefits gained in the environmental investments. Hotels with Corporate Social Responsibility:Major Hotels in the Philippines has developed their own corporate social responsibility as part of their business activity. According to Weber, companies who participate on CSR activities will result to positive benefit such increased reputation and company image;enhance employee morale and loyalty (2008, pp. 258-259). Shangri-La Hotels and Resorts launched the “Bayanihan for the Philippines” campaign. This project aimed at supporting relief, rebuilding and rehabilitation operations for various villages in Daanbatayan, somewhere in Cebu, Central part of the Philippines, which were destroyed by the typhoon (Hotellier Middle East, 2013). Marriott International contributed $50,000 USD (more than 2 million Philippine Peso) to the Red Cross Typhoon Haiyan Appeal (Marriott News Center, 2013).

IV. Current practices by the tourism industry for the climate 目前的做法，旅游業(yè)的氣候

change by using a SWOT analysis or criteria discussed in the class:The Philippines and its tourism industry practice in relation to climate change are the focus of the SWOT analysis.

Strengths:
1. The Philippines have created Climate Change Adaptation Policy Initiatives to address the issue of climate change. It aims to address the needs and the consequences of climate change not only in the tourism sector but also in agriculture, water resources and infrastructure services.
2. The Department of Tourism of the Philippines is working closely with World Tourism Organization and other various UN agencies on climate changes policies and projects.
3. Funds are available and given to the Philippines for its sustainable tourism programs and climate change projects. In addition to its national budget on climate change, UN through it agencies have awarded the Philippines millions of dollars for its climate change initiatives and cooperation. 

4. Non-government organizations like Society for Sustainable Tourism and Development, Inc. (SSTDI) and Palawan Council for Sustainable Development (PCSD) are working with different government agencies to address climate change issues and to preserve tourists top destinations in the Philippine like the Boracay and Palawan Islands.

5. Tourism promotion is one of the main agenda of the current Philippine Administration. With the efforts of Tourism Department, tourist arrivals grew by 11.8% to 3.18 million visitors for the first
8 months of 2013 (Tempo, 2013). The Philippines remains to be resilient against climate change. After devastation of Haiyan Typhoon, the Philippines beats GDP forecast to 7.2 percent in 2013 (Gatdula, 2013).
Weakness:
1. The aftermath of Haiyan Typhoon shows the inability of the Philippine Government to act fast to save thousands of people and properties. This has a direct and indirect impact on tourism.
2. Corruption practices of public and private sector, tourist and nontourist industry, are major problems to solve climate change issues especially in the developing countries like the Philippines.
3. Tourism related climate change initiative maybe slowed by poor infrastructure system.
4. Budget for tourism infrastructure and development is not sufficient to address the needs of the industry. When infrastructures are directly exposed to climate change, it can lead to depreciation and materials failure.
5. Lack of political will from the Philippine Government and lack of discipline from Travel and Hotel operators will result to unsustainable practices. This will affect the overall mission of the Philippine’s Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Climate Change Commission, and UN’s efforts on climate change and sustainability.
Opportunities:
1. The Gross value added (GVA) in Philippine tourism is expected to grow up to 1.15 trillion pesos (US$ 2.58B) in 2016 (Gatdula, 2013). The positive forecast will motivate government and all key stakeholders to address the climate change related issues.
2. More revenue means more employment. This can includes hiring experts and workers to study and address climate change issues and solutions. Based on Department of Tourism data, tourism’s employment for the year 2013 increased to 4.9 million from 4.2 million in 2012. This level is projected to rise at 5.4 million in 2014, 6.3 million in 2015 and 7.4 million in 2016 (Gatdula, 2013).
3. The Philippine tourism key stakeholders are adapting plans and development that are sustainable and sensitive to climate change initiatives. At this stage, there are plenty of opportunities to improve the plans that are important and effective to address the problems of climate change.
4. UN provides support in the development of climate change vulnerabilities and assessment. This is an opportunity that can be used by the Philippines to address it own climate change problems.
5. The Philippines CO2 emission in 2010 is 0.9 metric tons per capita up from 0.8 per capita in 2009. This is a change of 12.5% (World Bank, 2010). The contribution made by tourism to global emissions is estimated to be at 5%. Tourism stakeholders can work together with the government to address solutions from policy, operations and technological solutions to address CO2 emission problems.
Threats:
1. Although 500 climate related laws have been passed by 66 countries since 1997 (Markey, Gummer, & Frolick, 2014), there are climate change policies that are not yet approved or passed by government and international organizations. Without policies, it post treats to UN actions and goals.
2. Lack of implementation and lack of education especially on CO2 emission-reduction policies.
3. The Philippines experience an average of 20 Typhoons every year. Typhoon Haiyan could easily surpass economic losses amounting to US$ 14 Billion. The country is far from the recovery stage. Another strong typhoon could easily destroy the work that has been done. It can result to setbacks not just in the tourism industry but the entire Philippine economy.
4. Political instability can affect the Philippine Tourism and its efforts in climate change initiatives. Projects that are funded by the local and international organizations will be wasted if agenda of politicians are the stumbling blocks for its progress.
5. Typhoons and weather changes may result to increase in disease and deaths. The inability of the government to act fast will have a negative impact. Tourist operators will have difficulties to attract potential visitors. Tourist will go to other destinations because of fear.

V. Conclusion: 總結(jié)

Climate is an important aspect of Tourism. Climate change and weather patterns in tourist destinations can affect level of comfort, safety and decisions of tourist. Based on many studies and researches, the climate change that we are experiencing is human related activities like greenhouse carbon dioxide emissions. The impact of Typhoon Haiyan that killed thousands of people, displaced millions of families and destroyed many properties in tourist destination in the Philippines are evidences of pressing climate change challenges.

For the last twenty years the UN taking the lead together with its members, partners both public and private sectors have passed many policies but some of its policies are yet to be implemented in many countries. The Philippines has one of the best climate change laws in the world (Smith, 2012). It has Climate Change Act of 2009 and Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act of 2010. The problem is the implementation of the said policies. First problem is the political will to put change into action. Second, developing countries like the Philippines doesn’t have enough budgets to execute laws. Third, government is not giving enough incentives so that the private sector will be willing to participate in climate change initiatives.
The impact of climate change in tourism appears to be extensive and multi-dimensional subject that needs to get a great deal of attention due to its importance. Unless we begin to take it seriously, it will remain to be a great treat to tourism and millions of people will be at risk.

VI. Bibliography:注解

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