本文關鍵詞：制藥工程專業(yè)英語翻譯，，由筆耕文化傳播整理發(fā)布。

Unit 1 Production of Drugs

Depending on their production or origin pharmaceutical agents can be split into three groups:

I .Totally synthetic materials (synthetics)，Ⅱ.Natural products，and Ⅲ .Products from partial syntheses (semi-synthetic products).

The emphasis of the present book is on the most important compounds of groups I and Ⅲ一thus Drug synthesis. This does not mean，however，that natural products or other agents are less important. They can serve as valuable lead structures，and they are frequently needed as starting materials or as intermediates for important synthetic products.

Table 1 gives an overview of the different methods for obtaining pharmaceutical agents.

1單元生產(chǎn)的藥品 其生產(chǎn)或出身不同藥劑可以分為三類：1。完全（合成纖維）合成材料，Ⅱ。天然產(chǎn)物，和 Ⅲ。產(chǎn)品從（半合成產(chǎn)品）的部分合成。 本書的重點是團體的最重要的化合物Ⅰ和Ⅲ一所以藥物合成。這并不意味著，但是，天然產(chǎn)品或其他代理人并不太重要。它們可以作為有價值的領導結構，他們常常為原料，或作為重要的合成中間體產(chǎn)品的需要。

表1給出了獲取藥劑的不同方法的概述。

Table 1 Possibilities for the preparation of drugs

Methods Examples

1. Total synthesis -over 75 % of all pharmaceutical agents (synthetics)

2. Isolation from natural sources (natural products):

2.Plants -alkaloids;enzymes;heart glycosides;polysaccharides;tocopherol; steroid precursors (diosgenin, sitosterin);citral (intermediate product for

vitamins A, E，and K)

2.2 Animal organs一enzymes;peptide hormones;cholic acid from gall; insulin) from the pancreas;sera and vaccines

2. 3 Other sources一cholesterol from wool oils;L-amino acids from keratin and gelatine hydrolysates

3. Fermentation一antibiotics;L-amino acids;dextran; targeted modifications on steroids， e.g. 11-hydroxylation; also insulin, interferon, antibodies, peptide hormones，enzymes，vaccines

4. Partial synthetic modification of natural products (semisynthetic agents) 一 alkaloid compounds;semisynthetic /3-lactam antibiotics;steroids;human insulin

表1對藥物的可能性 方法舉例

1。全合成，超過75％的藥劑（合成纖維）

2。分離（天然產(chǎn)物）天然來源：

2.1植物-生物堿;酶;心甙，多糖，維生素E; 類固醇前體（薯蕷皂素，sitosterin），檸檬醛（中間產(chǎn)品維生素A，E，K）

2.2動物器官一酶;肽激素;膽酸從膽;胰島素）從胰臟;血清疫苗

2。從角蛋白和明膠L -氨基酸;三一膽固醇從羊毛油脂的其他來源 水解

3。一抗生素發(fā)酵; L -氨基酸，葡聚糖，對類固醇有針對性的修改，例如11 -羥基化;也胰島素，干擾素，抗體，肽 激素，酶，疫苗

4。部分合成修改（半合成劑）天然產(chǎn)品： 一生物堿化合物;半合成/ 3-內(nèi)酰胺類抗生素;類固醇;人胰島素

Several therapeutically significant natural products which were originally obtained from natural sources are today more effectively -i. e. more economically -prepared.. by total synthesis. Such examples include L-amino acids，Chloramphenicol，Caffeine, Dopamine， Epinephrine，Levodopa, peptide hormones，Prostaglandins，D-Penicillamine，Vincamine， and practically all vitamins.

其中幾個重要的治療作用最初是從天然產(chǎn)品天然來源獲得更有效的今天，我。大腸桿菌更經(jīng)濟的準備..由全合成。這樣的例子包括L-氨基酸，氯霉素，咖啡因，多巴胺，腎上腺素，左旋多巴，肽類激素，前列腺素，D -青霉胺，長春胺，以及幾乎所有的維生素。

Over the last few years fermentation - i. e. microbiological processes has become extremely important. Through modern technology and results from genetic selection leading to the creation of high performance mutants of microorganisms，fermentation has already become the method of choice for a wide range of substances. Both Eukaryonts (yeasts and moulds)and Prokaryonts(single bacterial cells，and actinomycetes)are used microorganisms. The following product types can be obtained:

1. cell material (single cell protein)， 2. enzymes，3. primary degradation products (primary metabolites)

4. secondary degradation products (secondary metabolites).

在過去的幾年里發(fā)酵-島大腸桿菌微生物過程變得極其重要。通過現(xiàn)代技術和基因選擇的結果導致了突變體的微生物創(chuàng)造高性能，發(fā)酵，已成為首選方法各種各樣的物質。這兩個Eukaryonts（酵母菌和霉菌）和Prokaryonts（單細胞細菌，放線菌和）用于微生物。下列產(chǎn)品類型可以得到：

1。細胞的物質（單細胞蛋白）， 2。酶， 3。主要降解產(chǎn)物（主要代謝物）， 4。二級降解產(chǎn)物（次生代謝物）。

Disregarding the production of dextran from the mucous membranes of certain microorganisms，e. g. Leuconostoc mesenteroides，classes 2 and 3 are the relevant ones for the preparation of drugs. Dextran itself，with a molecular weight of 50,000 ~ 100,000，is used as a blood plasma substitute. Among the primary metabolites the

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