本文選題：同形詞 + 聯(lián)合式合成詞��； 參考：《吉林大學(xué)》2011年碩士論文

【摘要】：眾所周知,中日兩國(guó)在經(jīng)濟(jì)、生活、文化等諸多方面的交流源遠(yuǎn)流長(zhǎng)。特別是在文化方面,日本深受中國(guó)的影響。其中,漢字就是最有代表性的表現(xiàn)之一。 遠(yuǎn)從晉代,日本人就已經(jīng)開始學(xué)習(xí)漢語(yǔ),而且還將漢語(yǔ)的表記方式——漢字引進(jìn)到日本。引進(jìn)漢字之后日本才有了語(yǔ)言的表記方式。日后,日本人又在漢字的基礎(chǔ)上開發(fā)了其特有的文字——假名。但是,有了自己的民族文字之后日本并沒有停止?jié)h字的使用。而且,時(shí)至今日,日語(yǔ)中還存在大量的漢字。 據(jù)1981年日本政府發(fā)布的《常用漢字表》統(tǒng)計(jì),日本現(xiàn)在有1945個(gè)常用漢字。常用漢字即日本人在日常的工作生活,生產(chǎn)活動(dòng)中常用的漢字。但是,雖然漢字的數(shù)量眾多,由于漢字傳入日本之后與日本的民族文化,社會(huì)背景等因素相互融合,在意義、用法等諸多方面都發(fā)生了變化,有的甚至衍生出了新的意思,所以同樣的漢字與現(xiàn)代漢語(yǔ)中使用的漢字之間存在著很大的差別。 近年來,中日之間的交流又不斷加深,學(xué)習(xí)漢語(yǔ)的日本人和學(xué)習(xí)日語(yǔ)的中國(guó)人都隨之不斷增加。中日兩種語(yǔ)言都使用漢字,雖然一個(gè)使用簡(jiǎn)體字一個(gè)使用繁體字,字體上存在差別,且發(fā)音上存在差異,但是若將這些忽略不計(jì)的話,二者之間存在著大量的同形詞。 日本的國(guó)立國(guó)語(yǔ)研究所于1964年針對(duì)1956年的雜志上使用的詞匯進(jìn)行了大規(guī)模的調(diào)查與統(tǒng)計(jì),其結(jié)果發(fā)表于《現(xiàn)代雜志的九十種用語(yǔ)用字》。結(jié)果表明,在現(xiàn)代日語(yǔ)中,按詞匯種類劃分,不同單詞數(shù)(即同一個(gè)詞不論出現(xiàn)幾次都按“一”來統(tǒng)計(jì))的47.5%為漢語(yǔ)詞匯,總單詞數(shù)的41.3%為漢語(yǔ)詞匯。同時(shí),日本國(guó)立國(guó)語(yǔ)研究所1984年的調(diào)查結(jié)果顯示,在6000個(gè)基本詞匯當(dāng)中,有46.9%是漢語(yǔ)詞匯。 一定有很多人盲目地認(rèn)為,既然漢語(yǔ)詞匯這么多,即便發(fā)音不同,溝通也沒有問題。但是,同形詞的存在對(duì)于學(xué)習(xí)兩種語(yǔ)言的人來說未必一定是好事。正所謂一切事物都有其正面的影響和負(fù)面的影響,同形詞的存在也不例外。正因如此,對(duì)中日同形詞的對(duì)照研究在日語(yǔ)和漢語(yǔ)研究人員中非常盛行。 但是查閱以往的研究成果時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn),到目前為止,中日同形詞的研究大致可以歸結(jié)為兩個(gè)大方向。一個(gè)是針對(duì)同形詞進(jìn)行總結(jié)概括性說明的同時(shí)進(jìn)行詞義的比較的研究。另一種是追溯同形詞的成因及中日之間意思差別的成因的研究。但是,卻未發(fā)現(xiàn)從詞的內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)的角度進(jìn)行研究的文章或著作。于是,本文著眼于構(gòu)詞法,主要以由兩個(gè)漢字組成的聯(lián)合式復(fù)合詞,即漢語(yǔ)中所說的聯(lián)合式雙音詞為主,分析了中日同形詞的詞義變化與差異,并且針對(duì)聯(lián)合式復(fù)合詞中的偏義復(fù)合詞這一群體進(jìn)行了較具體的分析。 本文主要依據(jù)《大辭林》、《全譯古語(yǔ)詞典》、《現(xiàn)代漢語(yǔ)大辭典》、《古代漢語(yǔ)詞典》這四本詞典進(jìn)行歸納總結(jié)與分析。下面介紹一下論文的總體結(jié)構(gòu)以及各章所敘述內(nèi)容。 論文第一章介紹了研究的契機(jī),先行研究以及先行研究所存在的問題,本次研究的意義所在和研究的目的。日本自古代開始借用中國(guó)的漢字和漢字詞,這是眾所周知的事實(shí)。而由一個(gè)漢字構(gòu)成的詞,即單音詞在古代漢語(yǔ)中占據(jù)主體地位。但是隨著社會(huì)的發(fā)展,出于創(chuàng)造新詞的必要性,漢語(yǔ)逐漸向復(fù)音詞的方向發(fā)展。雙音詞是漢語(yǔ)中最主要的構(gòu)詞之一。其中有一部分雙音詞是在以往的單音詞的基礎(chǔ)上,在前面或后面附加一個(gè)意思相近、相同或相對(duì)、相反的漢字,構(gòu)成新的詞語(yǔ)。即現(xiàn)在所說的聯(lián)合式復(fù)合詞。日本在借用漢語(yǔ)詞匯的時(shí)候勢(shì)必也借用了一部分這類詞語(yǔ)。由于在以往的研究成果中沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)從詞的內(nèi)部構(gòu)造進(jìn)行研究的文獻(xiàn),所以,本文嘗試了對(duì)中日同形詞中的聯(lián)合式復(fù)合詞的探討研究。 論文第二章主要介紹了研究的方法。 首先介紹了胡裕樹在《現(xiàn)代漢語(yǔ)》中對(duì)合成詞的分類。胡裕樹認(rèn)為,現(xiàn)代漢語(yǔ)的合成詞大致可以分為兩大類,一類是由不定位語(yǔ)素和定位語(yǔ)素組成的合成詞,第二類是不定位語(yǔ)素相結(jié)合組成的合成詞,即復(fù)合詞。復(fù)合詞是現(xiàn)代漢語(yǔ)中最主要、最能產(chǎn)的構(gòu)詞形式。復(fù)合詞根據(jù)語(yǔ)素的結(jié)合方式不同有可以分為五種類別。即：聯(lián)合式,附加式,補(bǔ)充式,陳述式,支配式。本文也采用胡裕樹的分類方式,針對(duì)其中的“聯(lián)合式”進(jìn)行分析討論。 然后,確定一定的條件以后將《大辭林》中的符合條件的單詞全部找出。 第三步,再將找出的詞進(jìn)一步分類,根據(jù)胡裕樹的分類方式,找出聯(lián)合式合成詞。 最后,再將查找出的聯(lián)合式復(fù)合詞與《全譯古語(yǔ)詞典》、《現(xiàn)代漢語(yǔ)大辭典》、《古代漢語(yǔ)詞典》三本詞典一一對(duì)照,選出四本詞典上都有記錄的詞條,作為本論文的研究對(duì)象。四本詞典上全有記錄的詞條共計(jì)64個(gè),這64個(gè)單詞即本論文的研究對(duì)象。 論文第三章主要對(duì)研究對(duì)象的意思進(jìn)行了分析。 首先,將64個(gè)研究對(duì)象進(jìn)行分類。共按兩種方式進(jìn)行了分類。第一種是按照構(gòu)成單詞的詞素的詞性性質(zhì)進(jìn)行的分類。第二種是按照構(gòu)成單詞的兩個(gè)詞素之間的關(guān)系進(jìn)行的分類。 然后,按照詞素的詞性性質(zhì)的類別進(jìn)行了單詞的意思分析,探討了意思的差異及其原因。 最后,第三章還對(duì)聯(lián)合式復(fù)合詞的偏義用法進(jìn)行了考察分析。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),根據(jù)偏義用法,聯(lián)合式復(fù)合詞里面有一部分詞一直作為偏義復(fù)合詞來使用。例如“學(xué)問”一詞,在日語(yǔ)中只有“學(xué)”的意思,而沒有“問”的意思。在漢語(yǔ)中只作派生意思來使用,詞素本身的“學(xué)”與“問”的意思都已經(jīng)沒有。還有一部分同時(shí)擁有偏義的用法和單純的聯(lián)合式復(fù)合詞的用法,具體如何使用,要根據(jù)具體的語(yǔ)境來進(jìn)行判斷。例如“始末”一詞,在日語(yǔ)中有“事の始末(?)墜守る”這樣的例句,表示始與末,自始至終的意思,但是現(xiàn)代日語(yǔ)中更多用于表示不好的結(jié)果�！白哉�(?)上(?)登(?)妻に押(?)始末(?)”就是這樣的用法。但是同樣的偏義用法在漢語(yǔ)中卻不存在。這樣的詞語(yǔ)還有很多。還有一種詞基本意思中沒有偏義用法,但是根據(jù)所使用的語(yǔ)境,可以具有偏義的意義,而且詞義偏向前項(xiàng)語(yǔ)素或后項(xiàng)語(yǔ)素也因語(yǔ)境而改變。例如“得失”一詞,在漢語(yǔ)和日語(yǔ)中,詞本身的基本意義為“得與失”,但是,無論漢語(yǔ)還是日語(yǔ),根據(jù)語(yǔ)境都可以有偏義的用法。如在日語(yǔ)中有如下的例句：“私(?)得失(?)自分(?)左右(?)(?)�！薄暗檬�(?)”譯為漢語(yǔ)是“患得患失”的意思。所以在這里應(yīng)理解語(yǔ)義偏向?yàn)椤笆А�。漢語(yǔ)有如下的例子：“拚命主義者不知此理,明明已處于確定了的不利情況,還要爭(zhēng)一城一地的得失,結(jié)果不但城和地俱失,軍力也不能保存�！狈治觥暗檬А钡闹^語(yǔ)應(yīng)是“爭(zhēng)”,不會(huì)有人爭(zhēng)“失”,因此,此處的詞義應(yīng)偏向?yàn)椤暗谩�。前文也提�?此類詞語(yǔ)的詞語(yǔ)偏向并不固定,所以根據(jù)語(yǔ)境還可能有其他情況發(fā)生。 論文第四章將第一章到第三章的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行了歸納總結(jié),為本論文的結(jié)論部分。 上述內(nèi)容即本論文的簡(jiǎn)要概括。文中的一些拙見若能在中國(guó)人學(xué)習(xí)理解中日同形詞的過程中起到一點(diǎn)微小的作用,作者將感到榮幸之至。
[Abstract]:As we all know, the exchanges between China and Japan have a long history in many aspects, such as economy, life and culture. Especially in culture, Japan is deeply influenced by China. Among them, Chinese characters are one of the most representative manifestations.
From the Jin Dynasty, the Japanese had begun to learn Chinese, and the Chinese characters were introduced to Japan. After the introduction of Chinese characters, the Japanese had a form of language. Later, the Japanese developed their own character, the pseudonym, on the basis of Chinese characters. The use of Chinese characters is stopped. Moreover, to date, there are still a large number of Chinese characters in Japanese.
According to the statistics published by the Japanese government in 1981, Japan has 1945 commonly used Chinese characters. The common Chinese characters, namely the Japanese in daily life, are commonly used in the production of Chinese characters. However, although the number of Chinese characters is large, the Chinese characters are mixed with Japanese national culture, social background and other factors after the introduction of Chinese characters to Japan. Meaning, usage and many other aspects have changed, and some even derived new meaning, so the same Chinese characters and the Chinese characters used in modern Chinese have a great difference.
In recent years, the exchange between China and Japan has deepened. Chinese Japanese and Chinese Dou Suizhi, who learn Japanese, have been increasing. The two languages of Chinese and Japanese use Chinese characters. Although one uses simplified Chinese characters, there are differences in fonts and differences in pronunciation, but if these are ignored, the two are between them. There are a large number of homomorphic words.
The National National Language Institute of Japan conducted a large-scale survey and statistics on the vocabulary used in the 1956 magazine in 1964. The results were published in the ninety types of words in modern magazines. The result shows that in modern Japanese, the number of words is divided according to the types of words and the number of words (that is, the same word appears several times according to "one". 47.5% of the Chinese vocabulary and 41.3% of the total number of words are Chinese words. At the same time, the results of the national national national National Institute of Japan in 1984 showed that 46.9% of the 6000 basic words were Chinese words.
There must be a lot of people blindly saying that since there are so many Chinese words, even if the pronunciation is different, there is no problem in communication. However, the existence of homomorphism is not necessarily a good thing for people who learn the two languages. A comparative study of Chinese and Japanese homomorphic words is very popular among Japanese and Chinese researchers.
But looking up the previous research results, it is found that so far, the study of Chinese and Japanese homomorphic words can be roughly summed up in two major directions. One is the study of the comparison of word meaning at the same time for the generality of the homomorphic words. The other is to trace the causes of the homomorphism and the cause of the difference between the Chinese and Japanese meanings. However, there are no articles or works that have been found from the perspective of the internal structure of the word. Therefore, this article focuses on the morphology, mainly based on the combined compound words composed of two Chinese characters, that is, the combination of the Chinese and the Chinese, and analyzes the changes and differences of the meaning of the Chinese and Japanese homomorphs. A more specific analysis of the group is carried out.
In this paper, the four dictionaries are summarized and analyzed based on the great words, the dictionary of the whole translation, the dictionary of modern Chinese, the ancient Chinese dictionary, and the ancient Chinese dictionary. The following is the general structure of the paper and the contents of the chapters.
The first chapter of the paper introduces the opportunity of the study, the previous research and the existing problems, the significance of this study and the purpose of the study. It is a well-known fact that Japan began to borrow Chinese characters and Chinese characters from ancient times, and the word made up of a Chinese character, that is, the monosyllabic word, occupies the main position in ancient Chinese. But with the development of society, in order to create the necessity of new words, Chinese gradually develops to the direction of the polysyllabic words. Double words are one of the most important words in Chinese. Some of them are based on the previous monosyllabic words, and a new word is made up of a new word in the front or back, which is close to, the same or opposite, and the opposite. That is, the joint compound words now said. Japan is bound to borrow some of these words when borrowing Chinese words. Since there is no literature on the internal structure of the words in the previous research results, this paper tries to study the joint compound words in the Chinese and Japanese homomorphs.
The second chapter of the paper mainly introduces the methods of research.
First, the classification of synthetic words by Hu Yushu in modern Chinese is introduced. Hu Yushu believes that the synthetic words in modern Chinese can be roughly divided into two categories: one is a synthetic word composed of unfixed morphemes and positioning morphemes, and the second is a synthetic word composed of unfixed morphemes, that is, compound words, the most important in modern Chinese. The most productive form of word formation. Compound words can be divided into five categories according to the combination of morphemes. That is, combined, additional, complementary, declarative, and dominant. This paper also uses Hu Yu tree's classification method to analyze and discuss the "union".
Then, after determining certain conditions, we will find out all the qualified words in the big words.
The third step is to further classify the identified words and find out the combined compound words according to Hu Yushu's classification.
Finally, the joint compound words found out and the whole dictionary of ancient Chinese, the modern Chinese dictionary, the ancient Chinese dictionary and the three dictionaries are compared, and the entries in the four dictionaries are selected as the object of the study. The total number of recorded words in the four dictionary is 64, and the 64 words are the subjects of this paper.
The third chapter mainly analyzes the meaning of the research object.
First of all, the 64 subjects were classified. The first category was classified according to two ways. The first was the classification of the morphological characters of the morphemes of the words. The second species were classified according to the relationship between the two morphemes of the words.
Then, according to the category of morphemes, the meaning of words is analyzed, and the differences of meaning and reasons are discussed.
Finally, the third chapter also makes an investigation and analysis of the partial meaning of the joint compound. The result shows that, according to the use of partial meaning, there is a participle in the combination compound which has been used as a partial meaning compound. For example, the word "learning" is only the meaning of "learning" in Japanese, but not the meaning of "ask". To use it, the meaning of "learning" and "asking" of the morpheme have not been used. There is also a part of the use of partial meaning and the use of simple combined compound words, and how to use it in specific context. An example is the meaning of the beginning and the end, from the beginning to the end, but more of the modern Japanese is used to express the bad results. "The first and the last (?)" is the same usage. But the same deviation is not found in Chinese. There are many words like this. There is no partial meaning in the basic meaning of the word. But according to the context used, it can have the meaning of partial meaning, and the meaning bias to the former morpheme or the later morpheme is also changed by the context. For example, the word "gain and loss", in Chinese and Japanese, the basic meaning of the word itself is "gain and lose", however, both Chinese and Japanese, according to the context, can have a partial meaning. There is the following example in Japanese: "private (?) gain and loss" (?) is left and right (?). "" gain and loss "is translated into Chinese as a" gain and loss ". Therefore, the semantic deviation should be understood here as" loss ". The result of the gain and loss is not only the loss of the city and the ground, but the strength of the army. "The predicate of the analysis of" gains and losses "should be" contention ", and no one is contending for" loss ". Therefore, the meaning of the word should be biased toward" gain ".
The fourth chapter summarizes the contents of the first chapter to the third chapter, which is the conclusion of this paper.
The above content is a brief summary of this paper. If some of the humble opinions in this article can play a minor role in the process of Chinese and Japanese homomorphism in learning and understanding, the author will be honored.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：吉林大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2011
【分類號(hào)】：H36

【引證文獻(xiàn)】

相關(guān)碩士學(xué)位論文 前1條

1 許建礎(chǔ);漢語(yǔ)“復(fù)詞偏義”現(xiàn)象研究[D];復(fù)旦大學(xué);2012年

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本文編號(hào)：2051934