【摘要】：本文通過(guò)分析關(guān)中地區(qū)涇惠渠、桃曲坡、東雷抽黃一期、二期四個(gè)典型灌區(qū)的渠系襯砌,長(zhǎng)畦改短畦、寬畦改窄畦等節(jié)水措施對(duì)土壤肥力、土壤結(jié)構(gòu)、地下水等的影響,獲取節(jié)水灌溉對(duì)關(guān)中典型作物農(nóng)田水土環(huán)境影響及其機(jī)理,旨為關(guān)中干旱半干旱區(qū)節(jié)水灌溉農(nóng)業(yè)可持續(xù)發(fā)展提供科學(xué)依據(jù),最終實(shí)現(xiàn)節(jié)水灌溉與生態(tài)環(huán)境建設(shè)和諧發(fā)展。主要得出以下結(jié)論:(1)關(guān)中地區(qū)典型灌區(qū)渠道襯砌材料,襯砌完善程度以及渠道的維護(hù)都制約著渠道沿途土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)含量,且呈現(xiàn)襯砌材料密實(shí)性越好,完善度越高,渠道維護(hù)工作越好,有機(jī)質(zhì)含量相對(duì)較低的趨勢(shì);反之則具有較高有機(jī)質(zhì)含量。其中,涇惠灌區(qū)襯砌渠道兩側(cè)土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)含量介于18.96～162.92 mg/kg,均值為86.07 mg/kg,變異系數(shù)為0.367;渠道襯砌率較高的桃曲坡灌區(qū)渠道兩側(cè)土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)含量介于5.21～17.57g/kg之間,均值為10.01g/kg,變異系數(shù)為0.396;東雷抽黃一期灌區(qū)樣本有機(jī)質(zhì)含量介于3.25～21.24g/kg之間,平均含量為8.5g/kg;變異系數(shù)為0.336;東雷二期灌區(qū)渠道沿途兩側(cè)有機(jī)質(zhì)含量介于4.82～20.67g/kg,平均含量為9.53g/kg,變異系數(shù)為0.32;且四個(gè)灌區(qū)有機(jī)質(zhì)含量均屬于中等變異程度,具有中等的空間相關(guān)性。對(duì)比分析四個(gè)灌區(qū)沿途渠道土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)含量以及不同顆粒含量分布發(fā)現(xiàn),黏粒含量、粉粒含量空間分布趨勢(shì)與有機(jī)質(zhì)分布幾乎相一致,兩者具有較高相關(guān)性。(2)通過(guò)田間渠道滲漏試驗(yàn),結(jié)合近幾年涇惠灌區(qū)地下水埋深變化,同時(shí)基于Hydrus-2D模型,對(duì)不同材料襯砌渠道的滲漏量進(jìn)行了積水后的第30天、第60天、第120天、第180天的變化預(yù)測(cè)。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),由于渠道防滲材料的升級(jí),渠道防滲效果隨之增強(qiáng),相應(yīng)的渠道滲漏深度變淺,滲漏量減少。渠道滲漏對(duì)于涇惠灌區(qū)地下水的補(bǔ)給也逐漸減少,甚至完全中斷。(3)通過(guò)收集以往學(xué)者的畦田灌溉實(shí)測(cè)資料并結(jié)合WinSRFR模型,模擬預(yù)測(cè)畦田改造對(duì)土壤環(huán)境的影響。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn):當(dāng)畦田長(zhǎng)度60m～160m時(shí),畦田寬度由4m遞增到9m,單寬流量相應(yīng)變小,水流推進(jìn)運(yùn)動(dòng)所需要的時(shí)間變長(zhǎng),水流消退過(guò)程所需要的時(shí)間變短;在距離畦首相同位置處,隨著畦寬的增加,土壤水分入滲先有減小趨勢(shì),后有明顯增大趨勢(shì)。當(dāng)畦寬M=4～9m時(shí),改變其畦田長(zhǎng)度60m～160m,不影響其水流推進(jìn)過(guò)程;畦寬M=4m時(shí),單寬流量較大,在畦尾處會(huì)產(chǎn)生積水,水流消退速率變慢,消退時(shí)間增幅明顯;當(dāng)畦寬M=6, 9m時(shí),單寬流量較小,在畦尾處會(huì)產(chǎn)生滲漏,畦尾水可能先于其他處消退。在距離畦首相同位置處,畦田長(zhǎng)度越長(zhǎng),土壤水分入滲較大,畦長(zhǎng)對(duì)土壤水分入滲影響明顯。
[Abstract]:This paper analyzes the effects of water saving measures on soil fertility, soil structure, groundwater and so on in four typical irrigation areas in Guanzhong area, such as Jinghui canal, peach slope, Donglei Yellow River pumping first stage, the second stage of four typical irrigation areas, such as lining, long furrow to short furrow, wide furrow to narrow furrow, etc. The effects of water-saving irrigation on the soil and water environment of typical crops in Guanzhong and its mechanism are obtained to provide a scientific basis for the sustainable development of water-saving irrigation agriculture in arid and semi-arid areas of Guanzhong, and to realize the harmonious development of water-saving irrigation and ecological environment construction. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) the lining materials, the degree of lining perfection and the canal maintenance in Guanzhong region restrict the content of soil organic matter along the channel, and the better the compactness of the lining material, the higher the perfection. The better the work of canal maintenance, the lower the content of organic matter. On the contrary, the content of organic matter is higher. Among them, the soil organic matter content on both sides of the lining canal in Jinghui Irrigation area was between 18.96 and 162.92 mg/kg, the mean value was 86.07 mg/kg, and the coefficient of variation was 0.367; The soil organic matter content on both sides of the canal in Taoqu slope irrigation area with high lining ratio was between 5.21~17.57g/kg, the mean value was 10.01 g / kg, and the coefficient of variation was 0.396; The content of organic matter in the first stage irrigation area of Donglei Yellow River was between 3.25~21.24g/kg, the average content was 8.5 g / kg, the coefficient of variation was 0.336; The content of organic matter along the canal was between 4.82 and 20.67 g / kg, the average content was 9.53 g / kg, and the coefficient of variation was 0.32; The content of organic matter in the four irrigated areas was of moderate variation and had moderate spatial correlation. By comparing and analyzing the soil organic matter content and different particle content distribution along the canal in four irrigation areas, it was found that the spatial distribution trend of clay and silt content was almost the same as that of organic matter distribution. (2) through field channel leakage test, combined with groundwater depth variation in Jinghui irrigation area in recent years, and based on Hydrus-2D model, the leakage of different materials lining canal was carried out 30 days after water accumulation. 60 th day, 120 th day, 180 th day change forecast. The results show that because of the upgrading of the channel impervious material, the channel seepage control effect is enhanced, the corresponding channel leakage depth is shallower, and the leakage amount is reduced. The groundwater recharge in Jinghui Irrigation area was gradually reduced or even completely interrupted by canal leakage. (3) the effects of border irrigation on soil environment were simulated and predicted by collecting the measured data of border irrigation from previous scholars and combining with WinSRFR model. The results show that when the border length is 60m~160m, the width of border field increases from 4 m to 9 m, the single width flow becomes smaller, the time required for water flow to move forward becomes longer, and the time required for flow regression process becomes shorter. At the same position from the top of the furrow, with the increase of the width of the furrow, the infiltration of soil moisture decreased first, then increased obviously. When the width of the furrow is 4 ~ 9 m, the length of the border is 60m / 160m, which does not affect the course of water flow, and when the width of the furrow is 4m, the single width discharge is larger, the water will be accumulated at the end of the furrow, the rate of flow fading will become slow, and the time of receding will increase obviously. When the width of the furrow is 6m and 9m, the flow rate of single width is smaller, the leakage will occur at the end of the furrow, and the tail water of the furrow may dissipate before the rest of the bed. The longer the border field length is, the larger the infiltration of soil water is, and the longer the border length is, the more the border length affects the infiltration of soil water.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：西安理工大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：S274

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