【摘要】：為尋找適當(dāng)?shù)母髋c培肥模式,改善耕層土壤結(jié)構(gòu)及肥力水平,提高土壤供給力,并以耕層促進(jìn)植株冠層生長(zhǎng),提高生產(chǎn)力,達(dá)到高產(chǎn)之目的特設(shè)本試驗(yàn)。試驗(yàn)在河南省許昌縣陳曹鄉(xiāng)史莊村長(zhǎng)期定位耕作試驗(yàn)田進(jìn)行,以百農(nóng)207為材料,設(shè)置6個(gè)處理:深耕、淺耕、免耕、深耕+有機(jī)肥、淺耕+有機(jī)肥和免耕+有機(jī)肥,研究耕層調(diào)控與增施有機(jī)肥對(duì)土壤結(jié)構(gòu)的改善、水肥分布的調(diào)節(jié)、根系生長(zhǎng)的影響,并通過(guò)多元統(tǒng)計(jì)和通徑分析研究耕層供給力對(duì)小麥植株生長(zhǎng)狀況的影響。主要結(jié)論如下:1.不同耕作與增施有機(jī)肥模式對(duì)土壤結(jié)構(gòu)與含水量的影響差異顯著。土壤容重以越冬期的深耕處理、拔節(jié)期的淺耕+有機(jī)肥處理、開花和成熟期的深耕+有機(jī)肥處理顯著低于其它處理(P0.05)。除越冬期20-40cm土層和成熟期0-20cm土層外,越冬期至成熟期以深耕+有機(jī)肥處理土壤含水量顯著高于其它處理(P0.05)。2.增施有機(jī)肥能夠改善土壤肥力水平,提高各土層土壤的養(yǎng)分含量。0-20cm土層,越冬期至成熟期淺耕+有機(jī)肥處理土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)含量顯著高于其它處理(P0.05);20-40cm土層,越冬期至開花期的免耕+有機(jī)肥處理土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)含量顯著高于其它處理(P0.05)。免耕和免耕+有機(jī)肥處理有利于0-20cm土層土壤速效磷含量的積累,淺耕+有機(jī)肥有利于20-40cm和40-60cm土壤速效磷含量的積累。越冬期免耕+有機(jī)肥處理土壤脲酶活性顯著高于其它處理(P0.05),拔節(jié)期至成熟期深耕+有機(jī)肥處理土壤脲酶活性最高;越冬期和成熟期淺耕+有機(jī)肥處理土壤蔗糖酶活性顯著高于其它處理,拔節(jié)期和開花期深耕+有機(jī)肥處理顯著高于其它處理(P0.05)。3.增施有機(jī)肥可促進(jìn)小麥生長(zhǎng),提高冠層光合速率。淺耕+有機(jī)肥處理植株葉面積指數(shù)最高,與其它處理間差顯著(P0.05)。施加有機(jī)肥處理下,葉片角度指數(shù)較小,葉片與主莖夾角由上至下逐漸增大,減少了葉片間的相互遮擋,葉片葉綠素含量和熒光參數(shù)高,可延緩葉片衰老,延長(zhǎng)葉片光合時(shí)間,以淺耕+有機(jī)肥與深耕+有機(jī)肥處理效果最佳;小麥灌漿中后期的莖稈抗折力增強(qiáng),倒伏指數(shù)降低,抗倒性提高,小麥莖稈抗倒性均以深耕+有機(jī)肥處理效果最好,淺耕+有機(jī)肥次之。4.增施有機(jī)肥能夠提高小麥的穗長(zhǎng),增加每穗小麥的有效小穗數(shù),提高穗粒重及小麥總產(chǎn)量,以淺耕+有機(jī)肥處理(STF)顯著高于其它處理(P0.05)。5.增施有機(jī)肥能夠提高植株地上冠層與地下根系的干物質(zhì)積累量,提高植株氮素積累量和土壤全氮含量,提高花后各時(shí)期旗葉凈光合速率及根系呼吸速率。淺耕+有機(jī)肥處理有利于莖稈及葉片的干物質(zhì)積累,提高成熟期穗部的干物質(zhì)積累量;根系干物質(zhì)積累在開花期和成熟期0-20cm土層免耕+有機(jī)肥處理、20-40cm土層淺耕+有機(jī)肥處理和40-60cm土層深耕+有機(jī)肥處理顯著高于其它處理(P0.05)。淺耕+有機(jī)肥處理下葉片和穗部氮素積累量顯著高于其它處理(P0.05),0-20cm土層全氮含量最高;免耕+有機(jī)肥處理40-60cm土層土壤全氮含量顯著高于其它處理(P0.05)。花后各時(shí)期深耕(有機(jī)肥)處理的旗葉凈光合速率高,根系呼吸速率低,碳分配給植株的比例高于根系,根效率最高。6.不同耕作與有機(jī)肥處理下,土壤容重與孔隙度差異顯著,相關(guān)分析表明土壤養(yǎng)分、酶活性和根系生物量與土壤容重和孔隙度之間存在顯著相關(guān)關(guān)系(P0.05);多元回歸分析和通徑分析發(fā)現(xiàn),土壤脲酶活性和根系干物質(zhì)積累量有利于株高的生長(zhǎng),一定范圍的土壤含水量和容重能夠促進(jìn)葉片的生長(zhǎng),提高葉面積指數(shù),提高土壤含水量能夠影響葉片角度指數(shù),提高冠層不同層次的受光率,旗葉凈光合速率受脲酶活性的影響最大,脲酶活性和根系干物質(zhì)積累量提高促使葉片葉綠素?zé)晒鈪?shù)的提高。
[Abstract]:In order to find the appropriate cultivation and fertilizer pattern, improve the soil structure and fertility level of the plowing layer, improve the soil supply force, and promote the growth of the plant crown layer with the plowing layer, improve the productivity and achieve the purpose of high yield. The test is carried out in the long-term location and cultivation test field of the Shizhuangcun Village, Xuchang County, Xuchang County, Henan Province, and is provided with six treatments: deep-tillage, shallow-tillage, no-tillage, deep-tillage + organic fertilizer, shallow-tillage + organic fertilizer and no-tillage + organic fertilizer. The effects of the control of the plowing layer and the application of the organic fertilizer on the soil structure, the adjustment of the distribution of water and fertilizer and the growth of the root system were studied. The main conclusions are as follows: 1. The effect of different tillage and fertilizer application on soil structure and water content was significant. The soil bulk density was treated by the deep-tillage in the overwintering period, the shallow-tillage + organic fertilizer treatment during the jointing stage, and the deep-tillage + organic fertilizer treatment in the flowering and mature period was significantly lower than that of other treatments (P0.05). In addition to the overwintering period of 20-40cm and the maturity of 0-20cm, the water content of the soil with deep-tillage + organic fertilizer was significantly higher than that of other treatments (P0.05). the soil fertility can be improved by the application of the organic fertilizer, the nutrient content of the soil in each soil layer is increased, the soil organic matter content in the soil layer of 0-20cm, the overwintering period and the mature period is obviously higher than that of other treatment (P0.05), and the soil layer is 20-40cm, The content of organic matter in the treated soil of no-tillage + organic fertilizer during the overwintering period to the flowering stage was significantly higher than that of other treatments (P0.05). The no-tillage and no-tillage + organic fertilizer treatment is favorable for the accumulation of the quick-acting phosphorus content of the soil in the 0-20cm soil layer, and the shallow-tillage + organic fertilizer is favorable for the accumulation of the quick-acting phosphorus content of the soil in the range of 20-40cm and the soil of 40-60cm. In the overwintering period, no-tillage + organic fertilizer was used to treat the soil enzyme activity significantly higher than that of other treatments (P0.05), and the activity of the soil was the highest during the period of jointing stage to the mature stage of the deep-tillage + organic fertilizer, and the activity of the sucrose in the soil in the overwintering period and the mature period was significantly higher than that of other treatments. The treatment of the deep-tillage + organic fertilizer at the jointing stage and the flowering stage was significantly higher than that of other treatments (P0.05). the application of the organic fertilizer can promote the growth of the wheat and improve the photosynthetic rate of the crown layer. The leaf area index of the plants treated with the shallow-tillage + organic fertilizer was the highest, and the difference with other treatments was significant (P0.05). under the treatment of the organic fertilizer, the angle index of the leaves is small, the included angle of the blades and the main stem is gradually increased from top to bottom, the mutual blocking between the blades is reduced, the content of the chlorophyll and the fluorescence parameters of the leaves are high, the senescence of the leaves can be delayed, the photosynthetic time of the leaves can be prolonged, The effect of shallow-tillage + organic fertilizer and deep-tillage + organic fertilizer is the best. The anti-folding force of the stem in the middle and late stage of the wheat is enhanced, the lodging index is decreased, the resistance to reverse is improved, and the resistance of the wheat stem is better than that of the deep-tillage + organic fertilizer, and the shallow-tillage + organic fertilizer is the second. the application of the organic fertilizer can improve the ear length of the wheat, increase the effective small ear number of each ear of the wheat, increase the grain weight of the ear and the total yield of the wheat, and the shallow-tillage + organic fertilizer treatment (STF) is obviously higher than the other treatment (P0.05). the amount of dry matter accumulation of the upper crown layer and the underground root system of the plant can be improved, the nitrogen accumulation amount of the plant and the total nitrogen content of the soil can be improved, and the net photosynthetic rate and the root respiration rate of the flag leaf in each period after the flowers are increased. the shallow-tillage + organic fertilizer treatment is beneficial to the dry matter accumulation of the stem and the leaves, and the dry matter accumulation amount of the ear part of the mature period is improved; the dry matter of the root system is accumulated in the no-tillage + organic fertilizer treatment of the soil layer of 0-20cm in the flowering stage and the mature period, The treatment of the shallow-tillage + organic fertilizer in the 20-40cm soil layer and the deep-tillage + organic fertilizer treatment of the 40-60cm soil layer were significantly higher than that of other treatments (P0.05). The total nitrogen content of the leaves and ears was higher than that of other treatments (P0.05). The total nitrogen content in the soil with no-tillage + organic fertilizer for 40-60cm was significantly higher than that of other treatments (P0.05). The net photosynthetic rate of the flag leaves treated by the deep-tillage (organic fertilizer) in the post-flowering period is high, the respiration rate of the root system is low, the proportion of the carbon to the plants is higher than that of the root system, and the root efficiency is the highest. The results showed that there was a significant correlation between soil nutrient, enzyme activity and root biomass and soil bulk density and porosity (P0.05). the soil water content and the bulk density can promote the growth of the blade, improve the leaf area index, improve the water content of the soil and influence the blade angle index and improve the light-receiving rate at different levels of the crown layer, The net photosynthetic rate of the flag leaves is affected by the activity of the enzyme, and the activity of the enzyme and the amount of dry matter in the root system increase the fluorescence parameters of the leaves of the leaves.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：河南師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：S512.1

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