【摘要】：在農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)過(guò)程中,作物病蟲草等有害生物防治是保障糧食穩(wěn)產(chǎn)增產(chǎn)的重要環(huán)節(jié)。因化學(xué)農(nóng)藥具有廣譜、高效等特點(diǎn),目前仍是作物有害生物防治的重要途徑。但由于化學(xué)農(nóng)藥使用過(guò)程中存在過(guò)量、超量和盲目等不合理使用現(xiàn)象,極易引起"3R"問(wèn)題,同時(shí)也可能對(duì)天敵昆蟲的存活、生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育和繁殖等產(chǎn)生影響,破壞農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)平衡和生物多樣性。因此,開展農(nóng)藥對(duì)天敵昆蟲的急性毒性和安全性評(píng)價(jià),明確農(nóng)藥對(duì)天敵昆蟲的亞致死效應(yīng),對(duì)于田間應(yīng)用農(nóng)藥防治時(shí)的合理選擇和使用具有重要指導(dǎo)意義。本文在實(shí)驗(yàn)室條件下,采用藥膜法測(cè)定了煙嘧磺隆、氯蟲苯甲酰胺2種化學(xué)農(nóng)藥與蘇云金芽孢桿菌、共生菌毒素2種生物農(nóng)藥對(duì)松毛蟲赤眼蜂、玉米螟赤眼蜂、螟黃赤眼蜂3種赤眼蜂急性毒性,并進(jìn)行了安全評(píng)價(jià);在此基礎(chǔ)上研究了4種農(nóng)藥對(duì)3種赤眼蜂存活及其繁殖的亞致死效應(yīng)。全文主要研究結(jié)果如下:1.確定了氯蟲苯甲酰胺和煙嘧磺隆對(duì)3種赤眼蜂的急性毒性,并評(píng)價(jià)其安全性。采用藥膜接觸法,對(duì)3種赤眼蜂的死亡和存活率進(jìn)行比較,結(jié)果顯示,煙嘧磺隆對(duì)松毛蟲赤眼蜂、玉米螟赤眼蜂、螟黃赤眼蜂LCso分別是351.81、31.96和3.93 mg/L,對(duì)3種赤眼蜂的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)性分別為低風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。氯蟲苯甲酰胺對(duì)松毛蟲赤眼蜂、玉米螟赤眼蜂、螟黃赤眼蜂LC50分別是7.17、2.85和0.0076 mg/L,對(duì)3種赤眼蜂的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估結(jié)果是中等風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、極高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。2.確定了蘇云金芽孢桿菌和共生菌毒素對(duì)3種赤眼蜂的急性毒性,并對(duì)其安全性做出了評(píng)價(jià)。采用藥膜接觸法,對(duì)3種赤眼蜂的死亡和存活率進(jìn)行比較,結(jié)果顯示,蘇云金芽孢桿菌對(duì)松毛蟲赤眼蜂、玉米螟赤眼蜂、螟黃赤眼蜂LC50分別是254.17、56.52和195.06 mg/L,該藥對(duì)3種赤眼蜂的安全性全部為中等風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。共生菌毒素對(duì)松毛蟲赤眼蜂、玉米螟赤眼蜂、螟黃赤眼蜂LC50分別是27670.4、1198.94和89825.24 mg/L,共生菌毒素對(duì)3種赤眼蜂的安全性均為低風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。3.研究了氯蟲苯甲酰胺和煙嘧磺隆對(duì)3種赤眼蜂的亞致死效應(yīng)。通過(guò)藥膜接觸法,將LC30濃度的煙嘧磺隆和氯蟲苯甲酰胺做成藥膜,使赤眼蜂分別與2種化學(xué)農(nóng)藥短時(shí)接觸,對(duì)其生存繁殖等結(jié)果進(jìn)行比較。結(jié)果表明,氯蟲苯甲酰胺對(duì)玉米螟赤眼蜂生存和繁殖均表現(xiàn)出較高的影響,其次是螟黃赤眼蜂,影響最小的是松毛蟲赤眼蜂。煙嘧磺隆雖然對(duì)玉米螟赤眼蜂和松毛蟲赤眼蜂有一定的影響但是影響并不顯著。4.研究了蘇云金芽孢桿菌對(duì)3種赤眼蜂的亞致死效應(yīng)。通過(guò)藥膜接觸法,將LC30濃度的蘇云金芽孢桿菌和共生菌毒素做成藥膜,使赤眼蜂分別與2種化學(xué)農(nóng)藥短時(shí)接觸,對(duì)其生存繁殖等結(jié)果進(jìn)行比較。結(jié)果表明,蘇云金芽孢桿菌對(duì)3種赤眼蜂均有影響,其中對(duì)玉米螟赤眼蜂的影響最為強(qiáng)烈,其存活率、產(chǎn)卵量及子代羽化率均顯著低于其他兩種赤眼蜂。
[Abstract]:In the course of agricultural production, the prevention and control of crops, pests and grasses is an important link to ensure the stable yield and increase the yield of grain. Chemical pesticides are still an important way to control crop pests because of their wide spectrum and high efficiency. However, due to the unreasonable use of chemical pesticides, such as excessive use, overdose and blindness, it is easy to cause the "3R" problem, which may also have an impact on the survival, growth, development and reproduction of natural enemy insects. Disrupting the balance of agricultural ecosystems and biodiversity. Therefore, it is of great significance to evaluate the acute toxicity and safety of pesticides to natural enemy insects and to determine the sublethal effect of pesticides on natural enemy insects, which is of great significance for the rational selection and application of pesticide control in the field. In this paper, two kinds of chemical pesticides, nicosulfuron, chlorobenzamide, Bacillus thuringiensis and symbiotic toxin, were used to determine the effects of two kinds of biological pesticides on Trichogramma Dendrolimus and Trichogramma furnacalis under the laboratory conditions, such as nicosulfuron, chlorobenzamide, Bacillus thuringiensis and symbiotic toxin. The acute toxicity of 3 species of Trichogramma borer Trichogramma was evaluated. The sublethal effects of four pesticides on the survival and reproduction of three Trichogramma species were studied. The main results are as follows: 1. The acute toxicity of chlorfenfluamide and nicosulfuron to three species of Trichogramma was determined and its safety was evaluated. The death rate and survival rate of three Trichogramma species were compared by membrane contact method. The results showed that the LCso of nicosulfuron against Trichogramma Dendrolimus, Trichogramma furnacalis and Trichogramma borer were 351.8131.96 and 3.93 mg/L, respectively. The risk of three Trichogramma species were low risk and high risk respectively. The results showed that the LC50 of Trichogramma punctatus, Trichogramma furnacalis and Trichogramma borer was 7.170.85 and 0.0076 mg/L, respectively. The results showed that the risk of the three species of Trichogramma was moderate, high and extremely high. 2. The acute toxicity of Bacillus thuringiensis and symbiotic toxin to three species of Trichogramma was determined and its safety was evaluated. The death rate and survival rate of three Trichogramma species were compared by membrane contact method. The results showed that the LC50 of Bacillus thuringiensis against Trichogramma Dendrolimus, Trichogramma furnacalis and Trichogramma borer were 254.1756.52 and 195.06 mg/L, respectively. The safety of the drug to the three species of Trichogramma wasp. The safety of symbiotic toxin against Trichogramma Dendrolimus, Trichogramma furnacalis and Trichogramma borer LC50 was 27670.41198.94 and 89825.24 mg/L, respectively. The sublethal effects of chlorfenamide and nicosulfuron on three species of Trichogramma were studied. Through the method of membrane contact, the LC30 concentration of nicosulfuron and chlorobenzamide were used to make the membrane. The results of survival and reproduction of Trichogramma were compared with those of two kinds of chemical pesticides. The results showed that benzoamide had a higher effect on the survival and reproduction of Trichogramma furnacalis, followed by Trichogramma borer and Trichogramma Dendrolimus. Nicosulfuron had a certain effect on Trichogramma oryzae and Trichogramma Dendrolimus, but the effect was not significant. 4. The sublethal effects of Bacillus thuringiensis on three species of Trichogramma were studied. The LC30 concentration of Bacillus thuringiensis and symbiotic toxin were made into the membrane by the method of membrane contact. The results of survival and reproduction of Trichogramma were compared with those of two kinds of chemical pesticides. The results showed that Bacillus thuringiensis had an effect on the three species of Trichogramma, among which the effect on Trichogramma was the strongest, and the survival rate, spawning quantity and emergence rate of offspring were significantly lower than those of the other two species of Trichogramma.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：沈陽(yáng)農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：S476.3

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