【摘要】：蘋果樹腐爛病是由黑腐皮殼屬(Valsa spp.)引起的一種為害蘋果樹的枝干、果實等多個部位并對樹體造成重大危害的病害之一。該病可使蘋果樹主干枯死,樹勢衰弱,發(fā)生嚴(yán)重時可造成果園大量減產(chǎn),果實品質(zhì)嚴(yán)重下降,甚至毀園等現(xiàn)象。近年來該病在我國蘋果產(chǎn)區(qū)普遍發(fā)生,給我國蘋果產(chǎn)業(yè)造成了嚴(yán)重的經(jīng)濟損失。綜合已有文獻發(fā)現(xiàn),關(guān)于蘋果樹腐爛病病原菌種類鑒定、無性型生物學(xué)特性及防治方面的報道較多。但是對蘋果樹腐爛病菌有性型生物學(xué)特性、是否可以形成無性后代及其在蘋果樹腐爛病發(fā)生流行中的作用以及其與無性型的關(guān)系缺乏研究。因此本研究針對以上現(xiàn)存問題,采用單孢分離技術(shù)對蘋果樹腐爛病菌有性型進行分離、其單孢菌株的生物學(xué)特性研究及有性型單孢菌株的無性型后代與原無性型菌株間的比較,得出以下結(jié)果:1蘋果樹腐爛病菌有性型單孢分離通過單孢分離共獲得了16株蘋果樹腐爛病菌有性型單孢菌株,在PDA培養(yǎng)基上,于25℃、黑暗條件下培養(yǎng)7d長滿培養(yǎng)皿,菌落正面與背面均為乳白色,菌絲濃密,且連續(xù)培養(yǎng)30d未產(chǎn)生子實體。有性型單孢菌株具有致病力,且其致病力顯著低于無性型菌株,在30d左右,有性型單孢菌株在離體枝條上形成了無性子實體。2蘋果樹腐爛病菌有性型單孢菌株生物學(xué)特性研究有性型單孢菌株的生長溫度范圍為15~32℃,最適生長溫度為25℃。有性型單孢菌株均能在p H范圍為3~9的條件下生長,最適生長p H為6,酸性條件更適宜其菌絲生長。光照可以明顯促進有性型單孢菌株菌絲的生長。有性型單孢菌株對各供試碳源利用程度基本相同,其對葡萄糖的利用程度最大,可為最佳碳源,其次是麥芽糖和乳糖。有性型單孢菌株可能存在較高效率的氮代謝途徑,氮源種類對有性型單孢菌株的生長影響很大,對酵母膏的利用程度最高,對牛肉膏和蛋白胨的利用程度次之,硫酸銨利用程度最低。3有性型單孢菌株無性后代培養(yǎng)性狀觀察蘋果樹腐爛病菌有性型單孢菌株隨機配對,在供試的5種培養(yǎng)基上,25℃暗培養(yǎng)不能形成子囊殼。部分組合在菌落交界處產(chǎn)生了黑色分生孢子器,隨培養(yǎng)時間的延長有分生孢子角溢出,部分組合未產(chǎn)生分生孢子器且在菌落交界處出現(xiàn)了明顯的裂痕,蘋果樹腐爛菌有性型單孢菌株存在體細胞不親和性反應(yīng)。在PDA培養(yǎng)基上產(chǎn)生分生孢子器的數(shù)量顯著高于ABA培養(yǎng)基,分生孢子成熟時間為14d。有性型單孢菌株產(chǎn)生的分生孢子器黑色,球形,單個或多個腔室,腔室之間的分界不明顯,其無性后代的分生孢子相比原菌株分生孢子萌發(fā)力和致病力較弱。4蘋果樹腐爛病不同菌株潛育期的比較在各外界因素的影響下有性型單孢菌株無性后代的潛育期顯著長于原無性型菌株的潛育期。蘋果樹腐爛病菌的潛育期隨保濕時間的延長而縮短,溫度對蘋果樹腐爛病潛育期影響顯著,在25℃時潛育期最短,蘋果樹腐爛病在嫩枝上潛育期最短,在光暗交替條件下(12h黑暗+12h光照)時潛育期最短。
[Abstract]:Canker disease of apple tree is one of the diseases that damage the branches and fruits of apple trees caused by Valsa spp. It can cause the main trunk of apple trees to wither and weaken the tree vigor. When it occurs seriously, it can cause a large number of orchards to reduce yield, fruit quality to decline seriously, and even destroy the orchard. In recent years, the disease has been widespread in China's apple producing areas, causing serious economic losses to the apple industry. It has been found that there are many reports on the identification of pathogenic fungi of apple rot, the biological characteristics of asexual types and their control. But whether the sexually biological characteristics of the pathogenic fungi of Apple rot can be formed or not. In view of the above problems, this study used single spore isolation technology to isolate the sexual types of apple tree rot fungus, the biological characteristics of its monospore strains and the asexual progeny of the characteristic monospore strains. The results were as follows: 1. A total of 16 isolates of the sexual monospores of the apple rot fungus were obtained from the single spore isolation. On the PDA medium, at 25 C and under darkness conditions, they were cultured for 7 days. The colonies were milky white on the front and back, with dense hyphae and continuous growth. No fruiting bodies were produced after 30 days of culture. The pathogenicity of the sexually monosporic strains was significantly lower than that of the asexual strains. The asexual fruiting bodies were formed on the isolated branches of the sexually monosporic strains at about 30 days. 2 Biological characteristics of the sexually monosporic strains of Apple rot fungus The optimum growth temperature was 25, and the optimum growth temperature was 32, and the optimum growth temperature was 3 6550 The best carbon source was maltose and lactose. Sexual monospore strains might have a more efficient nitrogen metabolism pathway. The types of nitrogen sources had a great influence on the growth of sexual monospore strains. The yeast extract had the highest utilization, followed by beef extract and peptone, and ammonium sulfate had the lowest utilization. Observation on the Culture Characters of Clonal Progenies of Sexual Monospore Strains The number of conidia produced in PDA medium was significantly higher than that in ABA medium. The conidia matured for 14 days. The conidia produced by the sexually monosporic strain was black and spherical. The germination and pathogenicity of the conidia of the progeny were weaker than those of the original strain. 4 Comparison of the incubation period of different strains of Apple rot under the influence of various external factors, the incubation period of the progeny of the clonal strain was significantly longer than that of the original strain. The incubation period of Apple rot fungus was shortened with the extension of moisturizing time. Temperature had a significant effect on the incubation period of Apple rot. The incubation period of Apple rot fungus was the shortest at 25 C. The incubation period of Apple rot fungus was the shortest at 25 C. The incubation period of Apple rot fungus on tender branches was the shortest, and the incubation period was the shortest at alternating light and dark
【學(xué)位授予單位】：甘肅農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：S436.611.11

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