【摘要】：‘林藥’是我國南方集體林區(qū)主要的非木質(zhì)林產(chǎn)品之一,在區(qū)域制藥業(yè)及鄉(xiāng)村經(jīng)濟發(fā)展過程中,起積極的推動作用。藥用植物經(jīng)營,是支撐林藥發(fā)展的基礎(chǔ),也是推動退化生態(tài)公益林改造和利用的動力。適宜的林-藥栽培模式則是林藥種植和生態(tài)公益林改造的主要經(jīng)營措施。為篩選適宜在以杉木為主的生態(tài)公益林中種植和生長的藥用植物和高效的林藥立體栽培模式,本文選擇南方地區(qū)常見的11種藥用植物,在廣東省惠東縣國營梁化林場,建立藥用植物選擇試驗,構(gòu)建多種林-藥立體栽培模式,從生長、光合特性、土壤理化特征、藥用活性物質(zhì)含量、微生物群落結(jié)構(gòu)特征等方面進行分析,開展綜合評價研究選出優(yōu)良的藥用植物,提出適宜的復合栽培模式,旨在為生態(tài)公益林的改造、林下經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展與可持續(xù)經(jīng)營提供科學依據(jù)。主要研究結(jié)果如下:(1)參試的8種藥用植物中,除土沉香外,其余的7種藥用植物成活率均在85%以上,保存率在50%以上。高生長方面,膽木最快,草豆蔻次之,紅豆杉和土沉香生長較緩慢。蟲害方面,土沉香受害最嚴重,受害率達到40%,主要受黃野螟的危害。不同藥用植物的光合氣體交換參數(shù),凈光合速率(Pn)、蒸騰速率(Tr)、氣孔導度(Gs)、胞間CO2濃度(Ci)和水分利用效率(WUE)差異顯著(P0.05),其中Pn以草豆蔻最大,Tr和Gs以裸花紫珠最大,Ci以梅葉冬青最大。WUE測定值變化范圍在1.42~8.11之間,以草豆蔻最大。葉綠素熒光參數(shù)方面,藥用植物間差異顯著(P0.05),其中最大光化學效率(Fv/Fm)值均分布在0.75左右,以紅豆杉最大,金花茶最小;實際量子產(chǎn)量(Yield)值除了草豆蔻外,其余均大于0.65,其中紅豆杉最大,土沉香次之。藥用植物葉片PSII潛在活性(Fv/Fo)值變化在2.87~3.37之間,以紅豆杉最大,金花茶最小。8種藥用植物均能顯著(P0.05)改善表層土壤物理性質(zhì)和養(yǎng)分含量,其中土壤質(zhì)量含水量、田間持水量、毛管孔隙度以膽木和梅葉冬青改良效果為佳。土壤pH和有效磷含量以裸花紫珠最高,土壤有機質(zhì)、有效氮、速效鉀、全鉀、和全磷以草豆蔻最高,土壤全氮含量膽木含量最高。陽離子交換量以金花茶含量最高。8種藥用植物綜合排序為,草豆蔻梅葉冬青膽木紅豆杉石筆木裸花紫珠土沉香金花茶。(2)林下光環(huán)境對藥用植物活性物質(zhì)含量影響顯著(P0.05)。在透光率10%~20%的光環(huán)境下,膽木葉片中異長春花苷內(nèi)酰胺含量最高,30%~40環(huán)境下總黃酮和總糖含量高。透光率50~60%環(huán)境下,梅葉冬青枝葉中茶多酚含量最高。裸花紫珠葉片中黃酮和總糖含量在透光率50%~60%光環(huán)境下最高,而70%~80%透光率下,總酚酸含量最高。為了獲得高質(zhì)量的藥材,應(yīng)將膽木種植于透光度較低(20%~30%)的環(huán)境條件下;梅葉冬青適合種植于疏林、透光率適中(50%~60%)的環(huán)境條件下;裸花紫珠則適合種植在較高透光率環(huán)境條件下(60~70%)。(3)林藥立體栽培可明顯提高生態(tài)公益林表層土壤的綜合質(zhì)量,其中SM(杉木+梅葉冬青)模式對土壤質(zhì)量含水量、毛管持水量、田間持水量、毛管孔隙度、土壤容重的改良效果最佳;SD(杉木+膽木)模式對土壤總孔隙和全磷含量提升最大;SMC(杉木+梅葉冬青+草珊瑚)模式對土壤有機質(zhì)、全氮、有效氮、速效鉀、交換性鈣、陽離子交換量、脲酶和多酚氧化酶活性的改良效果最佳,全鉀含量以模式SMG(杉木+梅葉冬青+廣金錢草)最高。有效磷和交換性鎂含量及酸性磷酸酶的活性以模式SMA(杉木+梅葉冬青+艾納香)最高。各林藥立體栽培模式對土壤質(zhì)量改良效果排序為,模式SMC模式SMG模式SD模式SM模式SMA模式SDG(杉木+膽木+廣金錢草)模式SDA(杉木+膽木+艾納香)模式SDC(杉木+膽木+草珊瑚)CK(純林對照)。(4)不同草本藥用植物根際土壤酶活性差異顯著(P0.05)。從根際土壤中,檢測出28種特征性磷脂脂肪酸(PLFAs)生物標記,且不同處理間單一磷脂脂肪酸含量差異顯著(P0.05)。各處理土壤微生物組成均以細菌為主,占微生物總PLFA含量的67.9%~84.6%,真菌和放線菌次之,約占4.0%~13.0%,原生動物含量最低,小于1%。與對照相比,不同林藥立體模式中草本藥用植物根際土壤的各類型微生物PLFA含量顯著(P0.05)增加,微生物總量、細菌、真菌、放線菌、原生動物的PLFA含量均以SMC模式最高,此外,林藥立體經(jīng)營模式顯著提高根際土壤中真菌/細菌、革蘭氏陰性細菌/陽性細菌的比值以及土壤微生物群落多樣性指數(shù)。從土壤微生物特性來看,林藥立體種植能提高根際土壤酶活性,改善微生物群落結(jié)構(gòu),提高土壤質(zhì)量,以SMC模式最優(yōu)。
[Abstract]:"Forest medicine" is one of the main non-woody forest products in the collective forest areas of southern China. It plays an active role in promoting the development of regional pharmaceutical industry and rural economy. In order to select suitable medicinal plants for planting and growing in the ecological public welfare forest dominated by Chinese fir and efficient three-dimensional cultivation model of forest medicinal plants, 11 species of medicinal plants common in southern China were selected to establish a selection experiment of medicinal plants in the state-owned Lianghua forest farm of Huidong County, Guangdong Province. Various three-dimensional cultivation models of forest and medicine were analyzed from the aspects of growth, photosynthetic characteristics, soil physical and chemical characteristics, content of medicinal active substances, and structure characteristics of microbial community. The excellent medicinal plants were selected through comprehensive evaluation and study. The suitable compound cultivation model was put forward for the transformation of ecological public welfare forest, the development and Sustainability of undergrowth economy. The main results are as follows: (1) The survival rate and the preservation rate of the other seven medicinal plants were all above 85% and 50% except for L. tuberosum, which was the fastest in the high growth, followed by C. cardamom, and slower in the growth of Taxus chinensis and L. tuberosum. The photosynthetic gas exchange parameters, net photosynthetic rate (Pn), transpiration rate (Tr), stomatal conductance (Gs), intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) and water use efficiency (WUE) of different medicinal plants were significantly different (P The chlorophyll fluorescence parameters were significantly different among medicinal plants (P Potential activity of PSII (Fv/Fo) of medicinal plant leaves ranged from 2.87 to 3.37, and that of Taxus chinensis was the largest and that of Camellia japonica was the smallest. Soil pH and available phosphorus content were the highest in Violet nudiflora, soil organic matter, available nitrogen, available potassium, total potassium, and total phosphorus in Myristica cardamom, the highest in total nitrogen content in soil, the highest in biliary tree content in soil. Cation exchange capacity was the highest in Camellia japonica. The content of total flavonoids and sugars in leaves was the highest in the light transmittance of 10%~20%, and the content of total flavonoids and sugars was the highest in the light transmittance of 30%~40. The content of tea polyphenols in leaves and branches of Ilex plum was the highest in the light transmittance of 50%~60%. The content of flavonoids and total sugar in the tablets was the highest under 50%~60% light transmittance, while the content of total phenolic acid was the highest under 70%~80% light transmittance. (3) Three-dimensional cultivation of forest medicines could significantly improve the comprehensive quality of the surface soil of the ecological public welfare forest, in which SM (Chinese fir + Ilex plum) model had the best effect on soil water content, capillary water holding capacity, field water holding capacity, capillary porosity and soil bulk density. SMC (Cunninghamia lanceolata + Ilex pluvialis + Grass Coral) had the best effect on improving soil organic matter, total nitrogen, available nitrogen, available potassium, exchangeable calcium, cation exchange capacity, urease and polyphenol oxidase activity, and SMG (Cunninghamia lanceolata + Ilex pluvialis + L. grandiflora) had the highest total potassium content. The highest content of sexual magnesium and activity of acid phosphatase was SMA (Chinese fir + Ilex pluvialis + Aina fragrant). The effect of three-dimensional cultivation mode on soil quality improvement was as follows: SMC mode, SMG mode, SMA mode, SDG (Chinese fir + biliary tree + agaricus) mode, SDA (Chinese fir + biliary tree + Aina fragrant) mode, SDC (Chinese fir + biliary tree + grass) mode. Coral CK (pure forest control). (4) The activity of soil enzyme in rhizosphere of different herbaceous medicinal plants was significantly different (P 0.05). 28 characteristic phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) biomarkers were detected in rhizosphere soil, and the content of single phospholipid fatty acids was significantly different among different treatments (P 0.05). The microbial composition of soil was dominated by bacteria, accounting for the total PLFA of microorganisms. The content of PLFA in rhizosphere soil of herbaceous medicinal plants increased significantly (P 0.05), and the total amount of microorganisms, bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes and protozoa were all in SMC mode. In addition, the ratio of fungi/bacteria, gram-negative bacteria/positive bacteria and diversity index of soil microbial community in rhizosphere soil were significantly increased by the three-dimensional management model of forest medicines. The MC mode is optimal.
【學位授予單位】：中國林業(yè)科學研究院
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：S759.82

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