【摘要】：秸稈還田已成為耕地培肥土壤的主要途徑,但也可能產(chǎn)生土壤跑墑漏風(fēng)、影響作物出苗、增加病蟲害等不利影響,這是傳統(tǒng)的栽培耕作模式不能適應(yīng)所致,因而我們提出玉米種植與秸稈還田分離的栽培耕作方式。種植行與休閑行年際間輪作,在玉米種植前對休閑行適當(dāng)深翻加深耕層。種還分離下還田區(qū)秸稈量是均勻還田的2倍,必然引起土壤生物特性的變化。因此本文在大田環(huán)境中,通過田間原位培養(yǎng)模擬種還分離條件,研究不同量秸稈還田,對0-15、15-30、30-45cm土層土壤有機(jī)碳、微生物數(shù)量、微生物量碳含量,纖維素酶和過氧化氫酶活性的動(dòng)態(tài)影響。另在種還分離模式下,研究全量秸稈對耕層土壤生物特性的動(dòng)態(tài)變化,及對玉米產(chǎn)量的影響。(1)通過在吉林四平梨樹泉眼溝中國農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)試驗(yàn)站的大田采集0-15、15-30、30-45cm土層土壤,分別添加0%、0.44%、0.88%、1.32%比例的秸稈進(jìn)行田間原位培養(yǎng)試驗(yàn),在兩年的腐解過程中,各土層土壤有機(jī)碳含量、微生物量碳含量均隨秸稈還田量增加而增加,不同土層間則表現(xiàn)為0-15cm15-30cm30-45cm。高量秸稈還田顯著提高了各層土壤中纖維素酶活性,但不同還田量對過氧化氫酶活性的提升效果差異不顯著。年際間對比發(fā)現(xiàn),成熟期不同還田量處理土壤總有機(jī)碳、微生物量碳、纖維素酶活性均有降低,降低幅度為8.59%~35.36%、6.74%~29.16%、6.18%~31.72%;但過氧化氫酶活性呈增加趨勢,以R3增幅最大(隨土層加深,提升幅度為14.14%、10.14%、12.11%)。(2)通過研究種還分離模式下的全量秸稈還田對0-15、15-30、30-45cm土層微生物數(shù)量的動(dòng)態(tài)影響,及對玉米產(chǎn)量的影響,結(jié)果表明,不同土層秸稈還田后,均提高了土壤中細(xì)菌、真菌、放線菌數(shù)量,且秸稈還田對表層土壤微生物數(shù)量的增勢明顯,深層土壤微生物對秸稈施入的響應(yīng)較弱。取樣時(shí)期不同,土壤中微生物數(shù)量表現(xiàn)不同。種還分離模式下進(jìn)行秸稈還田,對玉米產(chǎn)量有所提高,但與對照沒有顯著性差異,說明種還分離模式下的表層秸稈還田并沒有對玉米的生長產(chǎn)生干擾,造成玉米減產(chǎn)。
[Abstract]:Straw returning to the field has become the main way for cultivated land to fertilize the soil, but it may also produce adverse effects such as soil moisture leakage, crop emergence, increasing diseases and pests, etc., which is the result of the traditional cultivation and cultivation mode being unable to adapt to the situation. Therefore, we put forward a separate cultivation method of corn planting and straw returning to the field. Crop rotation between planting and leisure row, before maize planting, appropriate depth of tilling layer of leisure line. The amount of straw returned to the field under seed separation was twice as much as that of uniform return, which would inevitably lead to the change of soil biological characteristics. Therefore, in the field environment, the soil organic carbon, microbial quantity, microbial biomass carbon content in 0-15 ~ 30 ~ 30 ~ 45 cm soil layer were studied. The dynamic effect of cellulase and catalase activity. In addition, under the model of seed separation, the dynamic changes of total straw on the biological characteristics of topsoil and the effect on maize yield were studied. (1) the soil of 0-1515-30 ~ 30 ~ 45 cm soil layer was collected in the field of Quanyan ditch of Lish Shu, Jilin Province, from the experimental station of China Agricultural University. The in situ culture experiment was carried out with 0.44% 0.88% straw and 1.32% straw respectively. During the two years of decomposition, the soil organic carbon content and microbial biomass carbon content in each soil layer increased with the increase of straw returning amount, and the results showed that the soil organic carbon content and microbial biomass carbon content were 0-15 cm 15 ~ 30 cm 30 cm ~ 45 cm between different soil layers. The cellulase activity in each layer of soil was significantly increased by returning high amount of straw, but there was no significant difference in the enhancement effect of different returning amount of straw to catalase activity. The interannual comparison showed that the total organic carbon, microbial biomass carbon and cellulase activity of soil were all decreased by 8.59 ~ 35.36 ~ 35.36 ~ 29.74 ~ 29.16 ~ 6.18 ~ 31.72%, but the activity of catalase showed an increasing trend, with the increase of R _ 3 being the largest (as the soil layer deepened). The dynamic effects of the total straw returning to the soil layer of 0-1515-30 ~ 45cm soil layer and the yield of maize were studied. The results showed that the return of straw from different soil layers increased the bacteria and fungi in the soil. The number of actinomycetes and returning straw to the field had a significant increase on the number of microbes in surface soil, but the response of deep soil microbes to straw application was weak. The number of microbes in soil varies with the sampling period. Under the model of seed separation, the yield of maize was increased, but there was no significant difference between the seed and the control, which indicated that the return of surface straw did not interfere with the growth of maize, resulting in the reduction of maize yield.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：吉林農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：S154

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