【摘要】：內(nèi)蒙古河套灌區(qū)存在引黃水量驟減,氮肥施用量大,農(nóng)業(yè)面源污染較嚴(yán)重的問題。在該灌區(qū)開展優(yōu)化水氮模式的研究是提高農(nóng)業(yè)清潔生產(chǎn)水平和推進(jìn)現(xiàn)代化農(nóng)業(yè)的重要科技需求,也是維護(hù)灌區(qū)農(nóng)業(yè)環(huán)境的重要舉措。本研究通過田間試驗(yàn),揭示土壤-作物系統(tǒng)對(duì)水氮互作的反饋機(jī)理,并從葉綠素CCI值的角度對(duì)玉米進(jìn)行氮營(yíng)養(yǎng)診斷,提出適宜水氮配施比,為節(jié)約灌溉水資源,科學(xué)控制氮肥用量,改善農(nóng)田環(huán)境提供有益的參考指標(biāo)。主要結(jié)論如下:(1)玉米生理形態(tài)指標(biāo)(株高、莖粗、葉面積、葉片葉綠素含量及根系形態(tài))及土壤環(huán)境因子(土壤水鹽、土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)、硝態(tài)氮銨態(tài)氮、土壤氮素礦化速率)均隨灌水量的升高而增加,灌水量90mm和120mm之間差異性不顯著。施氮量在135～225 kg/hm2之間的玉米生理形態(tài)指標(biāo)和土壤環(huán)境因子的增加效果顯著,在施氮量為225 kg/hm2時(shí)出現(xiàn)峰值。當(dāng)施氮量為280 kg/hm2時(shí),上述各指標(biāo)呈下降趨勢(shì)。(2)灌水量90mm分別比60mm和120mm的玉米產(chǎn)量增加了17.93%和 3.28%。施氮量 225 kg/hm2 比施氮量 135 kg/hm2 和 180 kg/hm2分別增產(chǎn)11.77%和8.02%,施氮量280 kg/hm2比225 kg/hm2的產(chǎn)量降低了 2.58%。水分利用效率隨施氮量的增加而增加,隨灌水量的增加而降低。氮肥利用率與灌水量和施氮量之間均呈正相關(guān)關(guān)系。當(dāng)灌水量為90mm,施氮量為225 kg/hm2時(shí),玉米產(chǎn)量和氮肥利用率出現(xiàn)峰值。(3)本試驗(yàn)建立了河套灌區(qū)單種玉米臨界氮濃度稀釋曲線模型(Nc=35.94W-0.34),此模型可以用來診斷玉米氮營(yíng)養(yǎng)狀況,診斷結(jié)果為:當(dāng)灌水量為90mm時(shí),225 kg/hm2附近為較優(yōu)施氮量區(qū)間,氮營(yíng)養(yǎng)指數(shù)與葉綠素CCI值呈顯著水平,玉米相對(duì)產(chǎn)量與葉綠素CCI值呈極顯著水平。在臨界氮濃度稀釋曲線模型診斷的基礎(chǔ)上,由線性加平臺(tái)模型進(jìn)一步確定玉米適宜施氮量為21 7kg/hm2。因此,本研究提出玉米的優(yōu)化水氮模式為灌水量90mm,施氮量217 kg/hm2。
[Abstract]:In Hetao Irrigation area of Inner Mongolia, the amount of water diversion from the Yellow River decreased sharply, the application of nitrogen fertilizer was large, and the agricultural non-point source pollution was serious. The research of optimizing water and nitrogen model in this irrigation area is an important scientific and technological demand for improving the level of clean agricultural production and promoting modern agriculture, and is also an important measure to maintain the agricultural environment of irrigation district. In this study, the feedback mechanism of soil-crop system on the interaction between water and nitrogen was revealed through field experiments, and the nitrogen nutrition of maize was diagnosed from the point of view of chlorophyll CCI value, and the suitable ratio of water and nitrogen application was put forward to save irrigation water resources. Scientific control of nitrogen fertilizer use, improve the farmland environment to provide a useful reference index. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) physiological and morphological indexes (plant height, stem diameter, leaf area, leaf chlorophyll content and root morphology) and soil environmental factors (soil water and salt, soil organic matter, ammonium nitrate nitrogen) in maize; Soil nitrogen mineralization rate) increased with the increase of irrigation amount, but there was no significant difference between irrigation amount 90mm and 120mm. The physiological and morphological indexes of maize and soil environmental factors increased significantly in the range of 135 ~ 225 kg/hm2, and the peak value appeared when the N application rate was 225 kg/hm2. When the amount of nitrogen applied was 280 kg/hm2, the above indexes showed a downward trend. (2) the yield of 90mm increased 17.93% and 3.28% than that of 60mm and 120mm, respectively. The yield increased by 11.77% and 8.02% at 225 kg/hm2 than that at 135 kg/hm2 and 180 kg/hm2, respectively, and the yield at 280 kg/hm2 decreased by 2.58% compared with that at 225 kg/hm2. Water use efficiency (Wue) increased with the increase of nitrogen application rate and decreased with the increase of irrigation amount. There was a positive correlation between nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency and irrigation amount and nitrogen application rate. When the irrigation amount was 90 mm and the nitrogen application rate was 225 kg/hm2, the maize yield and nitrogen fertilizer utilization rate reached the peak. (3) the model of critical nitrogen concentration dilution curve (Nc=35.94W-0.34) of single maize in Hetao irrigation area was established, which could be used to diagnose the nitrogen nutrition status of maize. The diagnostic results were as follows: when the irrigation amount was 90mm, the optimum nitrogen application range was around 225 kg/hm2, the nitrogen nutrition index and chlorophyll CCI were significant, and the relative yield of maize and chlorophyll CCI were extremely significant. Based on the diagnosis of the model of critical nitrogen concentration dilution curve, the optimum nitrogen application rate of maize was determined to be 21.7 kg 路hm ~ (2) by the linear plus platform model. Therefore, the optimal water and nitrogen model of maize is 90 mm irrigation and 217 kg / hm ~ 2 N application.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：內(nèi)蒙古農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：S513

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