【摘要】：近年來,隨著配合飼料養(yǎng)殖法的應用,飼料中添加一些重金屬元素,導致畜禽糞便中重金屬殘留污染加劇。畜禽糞便中的重金屬是制約其資源化的主要因素,畜禽養(yǎng)殖廢棄物資源化的有效方式是沼氣厭氧發(fā)酵。本論文試驗以重金屬為研究對象,豬糞為厭氧發(fā)酵原料,試驗因素為不同種類鈍化劑(粉煤灰、硅藻土、活性炭),不同添加比例(2.5%、5%、7.5%),不同溫度(25℃、30℃、35℃),通過正交試驗,采用BCR提取法分析重金屬形態(tài),探索三種不同鈍化劑對豬糞厭氧發(fā)酵產氣量、甲烷含量及重金屬形態(tài)變化的影響,以期通過本試驗研究,為沼渣沼液的安全合理利用提供科學依據。在試驗研究中,通過上述的試驗研究,得出以下主要結論:(1)試驗結果表明,相較于空白組的試驗,添加5%活性炭的鈍化劑,溫度為35℃條件下,其發(fā)酵產氣量最高。通過極差及方差分析,影響產氣量的因素主次順序為鈍化劑種類、溫度與鈍化劑添加比例;溫度對產氣量有顯著的影響,鈍化劑種類、鈍化劑添加比例影響不顯著;產氣量最優(yōu)方案是溫度為35℃,鈍化劑為粉煤灰,鈍化劑添加比例為2.5%的試驗處理。試驗組甲烷含量總體在40%左右,甲烷含量較穩(wěn)定,添加5%活性炭鈍化劑,溫度為30℃的試驗甲烷含量最高,達到41.2%.甲烷含量的極差及方差分析表明,影響甲烷含量的因素主次順序為鈍化劑種類,溫度與鈍化劑添加比例;鈍化劑種類對甲烷含量有顯著的影響,鈍化劑添加比例、溫度影響不顯著;甲烷含量最優(yōu)方案是鈍化劑為活性炭,溫度為35℃,鈍化劑添加比例為2.5%的處理組合。(2)發(fā)酵試驗前,豬糞和接種物中,84.42%的重金屬Zn,83.75%的重金屬Cr,88.49%的As來源于豬糞。試驗結束后,試驗組沼渣中重金屬Zn、Cr的含量分配率升高,分別占到86.49%～89.91%和87.33%～91.72%;As含量分配率有所降低,為78.18%～83.18%.豬糞厭氧發(fā)酵結束后,沼液中重金屬Zn和Cr含量達到10.09%～13.51%和8.28%～12.67%;試驗組沼液中的As含量在16.82%～21.82%之間。(3)發(fā)酵前豬糞中重金屬Zn主要以可交換態(tài)(45.26%)和可還原態(tài)(21.89%)存在,重金屬Cr和As主要以殘渣態(tài)存在,所占比例達到66.15%、62.61%.試驗結束后,各個試驗組重金屬Zn殘渣態(tài)所占比例升高,升高幅度較大于各空白組的試驗;可交換態(tài)的分配率仍較高,可氧化態(tài)與可還原態(tài)較少,所占比例較穩(wěn)定;Cr、As仍以殘渣態(tài)存在,所占比例有所升高,升高幅度較大于各空白組的試驗;可交換態(tài)、可氧化態(tài)與可還原態(tài)分配率降低,發(fā)酵后所占比例低于空白組試驗。(4)發(fā)酵結束后重金屬Zn有效態(tài)的鈍化效果最好是添加7.5%的粉煤灰,溫度為35℃的試驗組,鈍化效果達到37.57%.重金屬Cr有效態(tài)的鈍化效果最好是添加5%活性炭,溫度為35℃的試驗組,鈍化效果達到66.69%,As有效態(tài)的鈍化效果最好為添加7.5%活性炭,溫度為25℃的試驗組,鈍化效果為61.46%.試驗組重金屬Zn有效態(tài)鈍化效果的極差及方差分析表明,影響其因素的主次順序為鈍化劑的種類,溫度及鈍化劑的濃度;鈍化劑種類及溫度對Zn有效態(tài)鈍化效果有極顯著的影響,鈍化劑添加比例影響不顯著;Zn有效態(tài)的鈍化效果的最優(yōu)方案是鈍化劑為粉煤灰,,溫度為25℃,鈍化劑添加比例為2.5%試驗處理。不同鈍化劑對有效態(tài)Cr的鈍化效果都達到40%之上。通過重金屬Cr有效態(tài)的極差及方差分析可知,影響其因素的主次順序為鈍化劑的種類,溫度及鈍化劑的添加比例;鈍化劑種類對Cr有效態(tài)鈍化效果有顯著的影響,鈍化劑添加比例與溫度影響不顯著;Cr有效態(tài)的鈍化效果最優(yōu)方案是鈍化劑為活性炭,溫度為25℃,鈍化劑添加比例為2.5%試驗處理。不同鈍化劑對有效態(tài)As的鈍化效果都達到40%之上,As有效態(tài)鈍化效果的極差及方差分析表明,影響其因素的主次順序為鈍化劑的種類,鈍化劑的添加比例及溫度;鈍化劑種類對As有效態(tài)鈍化效果有顯著的影響,添加比例及溫度影響不顯著;As有效態(tài)的鈍化效果最優(yōu)方案是鈍化劑為活性炭,溫度為25℃,鈍化劑添加比例為2.5%試驗處理。
[Abstract]:In recent years, with the application of the feed breeding method, some heavy metal elements have been added to the feed, which leads to the heavy metal residue in the feces of livestock and poultry. Heavy metals in livestock and poultry manure are the main factors that restrict its resource utilization. The effective way for the resource utilization of livestock and poultry is the anaerobic fermentation of biogas. Pig manure is an anaerobic fermentation material, and the test factors are different kinds of passivating agents (fly ash, diatomite, activated carbon), different proportions (2.5%, 5%, 7.5%), different temperatures (25, 30, 35). Through orthogonal test, the BCR extraction method is used to analyze the form of heavy metals, and to explore the gas production of three different passivating agents for pig manure, methane content In order to provide scientific basis for the safe and rational utilization of biogas slurry by this test, the following main conclusions are obtained through the experimental study. (1) the experimental results show that, compared with the test of the blank group, the passivating agent with 5% activated carbon is added, and the temperature is 35. By the difference and variance analysis, the factors affecting the gas production are the species of passivating agent and the proportion of the passivating agent, the temperature has a significant influence on the gas production, the type of passivating agent and the proportion of passivating agent is not significant; the optimum scheme of gas production is that the temperature is 35, the passivating agent is the fly ash, and the passivating agent is added. The methane content of the experimental group was 2.5%, the methane content was about 40%, the methane content was more stable, the 5% active carbon passivating agent was added, the methane content was highest at the temperature of 30 C. The difference and variance analysis of the methane content reached 41.2%.. The results showed that the factors affecting methane content were the species of passivating agent, temperature and passivating agent. In addition, the type of passivating agent has a significant effect on methane content, and the effect of passivating agent addition ratio is not significant; the optimal scheme of methane content is the passivating agent is activated carbon, the temperature is 35, and the ratio of passivating agent is 2.5%. (2) before the fermentation test, pig manure and inoculants, 84.42% heavy metal Zn, 83.75% heavy metal Cr, 88.49 % of As was derived from pig manure. After the experiment, the content distribution of heavy metals Zn and Cr in the test group was increased, accounting for 86.49% to 89.91% and 87.33% to 91.72%, respectively, and the distribution rate of As content decreased. After the anaerobic fermentation of pig manure from 78.18% to 83.18%., the content of heavy metals in the biogas slurry was 10.09% to 13.51% and 8.28% to 12.67% in the experiment group. The content of As in the biogas slurry is between 16.82% and 21.82%. (3) the heavy metal Zn in pig manure before fermentation is mainly exchangeable (45.26%) and reducible state (21.89%), and the heavy metal Cr and As mainly exist in the residue state, and the proportion of the heavy metals is up to 66.15%. After the 62.61%. test, the proportion of heavy metals Zn residue in each test group is higher and the increase is greater. The distribution rate of the exchangeable state is still high, the oxidizing state and the reducible state are relatively low, and the proportion of the exchangeable state is relatively stable. The proportion of Cr, As still exists in the residue state, and the proportion of the exchangeable state is higher than that of the blank group. The exchangeable state, the oxidizable state and the reducible state distribution rate are lower, the proportion of the fermented state is lower than the blank space. (4) (4) the passivation effect of the effective state of heavy metals after the fermentation is the best to add 7.5% fly ash and the test group at the temperature of 35 C. The passivation effect of passivation effect reaches the effective state of 37.57%. heavy metal Cr, which is best to add 5% activated carbon, the temperature is 35 C, the passivation effect reaches 66.69%, and the effective passivation effect of the effective state is best added. The test group with 7.5% activated carbon and temperature of 25 C, the passivation effect is the difference and variance analysis of the effective passivation effect of heavy metal Zn in the 61.46%. test group. It shows that the main and secondary order of the factors is the kind of passivating agent, the temperature and the concentration of the passivating agent; the passivating agent and the temperature have a very significant influence on the effective passivation effect of the Zn, passivating agent The effect of addition ratio is not significant; the best passivating effect of Zn effective state is that passivating agent is fly ash, the temperature is 25, and the ratio of passivating agent is 2.5%. The passivation effect of different passivating agents on effective Cr is up to 40%. The type of passivating agent, temperature and the addition ratio of passivating agent, passivating agent has a significant effect on the effective passivation effect of Cr, and the effect of passivating agent addition ratio and temperature is not significant; the best passivating effect of Cr effective passivating agent is activated charcoal, the temperature is 25, and the ratio of passivating agent is 2.5%. The passivation effect of effective state As is above 40%. The difference and variance analysis of the effective passivation effect of As show that the main and secondary order of the factors affecting the effective state are the type of passivating agent, the addition ratio and temperature of the passivating agent; the passivating agent has a significant influence on the effective passivation effect of As, and the effect of addition ratio and temperature is not significant; As effective state The best scheme of passivation effect is passivation agent is activated carbon, the temperature is 25 degrees, and the passivating agent proportion is 2.5%.
【學位授予單位】：沈陽農業(yè)大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：S216.4

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本文編號：2166869