【摘要】：新疆地區(qū)是我國缺水最嚴(yán)重的地區(qū)之一,該地區(qū)基本不受夏季季風(fēng)氣候影響,“荒漠綠洲,灌溉農(nóng)業(yè)”是其顯著特點,屬于無水利即無農(nóng)業(yè)的地區(qū)。新疆地區(qū)的主要用水方面就是農(nóng)業(yè)用水,約占總用水量的94%,在如此缺水的地區(qū),如何改良節(jié)水的灌溉技術(shù)進(jìn)而提高水分利用效率是該地區(qū)農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展的重中之重。在諸多的節(jié)水灌溉技術(shù)均未能普遍運(yùn)用在極端干旱區(qū)的情況下,深層坑滲灌是以蓄水坑灌、小管出流灌、滲灌為基礎(chǔ)提出的一種新型灌水技術(shù)。本文結(jié)合大田試驗以及室內(nèi)機(jī)理試驗對葡萄的根系分布特征以及根系吸水模型展開研究,為深層坑滲灌技術(shù)的推廣提供理論依據(jù)。主要研究成果有:(1)全生育期內(nèi)深層坑滲灌與傳統(tǒng)溝灌灌溉條件下的葡萄根區(qū)土壤水分分布規(guī)律。結(jié)果表明深層坑滲灌條件下,在葡萄的果實膨大期和漿果成熟期含水量最高;傳統(tǒng)溝灌條件下,各時期的含水率都處在非常高的水平上,在不需要過量水分的物候期依然投入了很多灌水,可以看出傳統(tǒng)的灌溉方式對水資源的利用不合理造成了較高的浪費(fèi),除此之外,由垂向與徑向方向上的含水率動態(tài)變化規(guī)律來看,含水率的分布與灌水器埋設(shè)位置具有較強(qiáng)的相關(guān)性。(2)深層坑滲灌灌溉與傳統(tǒng)溝灌方式下的葡萄耗水規(guī)律。在深層坑滲灌的灌溉方式下,不同生育期中,表現(xiàn)為果實膨大期耗水量最大,作物耗水量隨灌溉定額的變化而變化。而溝灌條件下棵間蒸發(fā)量每個時期都是深層坑滲灌的兩倍,表明深層坑滲灌用于極端干旱且蒸發(fā)強(qiáng)度較高的吐哈地區(qū)可以有效解決土壤表層由于劇烈的蒸發(fā)強(qiáng)度而導(dǎo)致灌溉水浪費(fèi)的問題。(3)分別用挖掘法與微根管法對成齡葡萄根系進(jìn)行研究并得到葡萄根系的分布規(guī)律。微根管法與挖掘法相比,在垂直方向上,分布規(guī)律較為相似。在水平方向上,兩種方法差別較大,由此可見葡萄根系在水平方向上的空間分布規(guī)律更為復(fù)雜。最后結(jié)合試驗數(shù)據(jù)建立深層坑滲灌條件下葡萄的一維、二維、三維根系分布函數(shù)。(4)通過計算葡萄潛在根系吸水速率與土壤水分脅迫函數(shù)分別建立了基于挖掘法與微根管法的三維根系吸水模型。然后采用hydrus-3D模型對所建立的三維吸水模型進(jìn)行求解,利用模擬期為15天內(nèi)的根區(qū)土壤水分分布狀態(tài)來驗證模型的準(zhǔn)確性,結(jié)果顯示在
[Abstract]:Xinjiang is one of the regions with the most serious water shortage in China. It is basically independent of the summer monsoon climate. "Desert oasis, irrigated agriculture" is its remarkable feature and belongs to the region without water conservancy or agriculture. The main water use in Xinjiang is agricultural water, which accounts for 94% of the total water consumption. How to improve water-saving irrigation technology and improve water use efficiency is the most important part of agricultural development in this region. In the case that many water-saving irrigation techniques are not widely used in extreme arid areas, the deep pit seepage irrigation is a new irrigation technology based on water storage pit irrigation, small pipe drainage irrigation and seepage irrigation. In this paper, the characteristics of root system distribution and the model of root water absorption of grape were studied in combination with field test and mechanism test in laboratory, which provided the theoretical basis for the popularization of deep pit infiltration irrigation technology. The main results are as follows: (1) the distribution of soil moisture in the grape root region under the condition of deep pit infiltration irrigation and traditional furrow irrigation during the whole growth period. The results showed that under the condition of deep pit infiltration irrigation, the water content of grape was the highest at the stage of fruit expansion and berry ripening, and the moisture content of each stage was very high under the condition of traditional furrow irrigation. There is still a lot of irrigation in the phenological period where there is no need for excess water. It can be seen that the traditional irrigation methods have resulted in a high waste of water resources, in addition to the unreasonable use of water resources. According to the dynamic variation of water content in vertical and radial direction, the distribution of water content has a strong correlation with the location of emitter. (2) the water consumption of grape under deep pit infiltration irrigation and traditional furrow irrigation. Under the irrigation mode of deep pit infiltration irrigation, the water consumption in different growth periods was the largest in the period of fruit expansion, and the water consumption of crops changed with the change of irrigation quota. And under the condition of furrow irrigation, the evaporation rate between trees is twice as much as that of deep pit infiltration irrigation in every period. The results show that the deep pit infiltration irrigation can effectively solve the problem of irrigation water waste caused by the intense evaporation intensity of soil surface in Tuha area with extreme drought and high evaporation intensity. (3) the method of digging and micro-root canal are used to solve the problem of irrigation water wasting. Grape root system was studied and the distribution of grape root system was obtained. The distribution pattern of microroot canal method is similar to that of mining method in vertical direction. In horizontal direction, the difference between the two methods is great, so the spatial distribution law of grape root system in horizontal direction is more complex. Finally, based on the experimental data, one and two dimensions of grape under the condition of deep pit infiltration irrigation were established. Three-dimensional root distribution function. (4) by calculating the potential root water absorption rate and soil water stress function, a three-dimensional root water absorption model based on mining method and micro-root canal method was established. Then the hydrus-3D model is used to solve the three-dimensional water absorption model. The accuracy of the model is verified by using the soil moisture distribution in the root zone within 15 days.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：西安理工大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：S663.1;S275

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