【摘要】：耕作過(guò)程中保持耕深穩(wěn)定是提高耕作質(zhì)量的重要措施之一。目前耕作機(jī)械作業(yè)過(guò)程中耕深調(diào)節(jié)大多為力調(diào)節(jié)或位調(diào)節(jié)方式,其對(duì)耕深的控制效果較差,而且耕深測(cè)量也只能通過(guò)在耕后測(cè)量溝底到未耕地表的距離來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn),這種測(cè)量方式誤差較大,且無(wú)法實(shí)時(shí)反饋耕深信息給機(jī)手,使機(jī)手無(wú)法根據(jù)耕作效果來(lái)實(shí)時(shí)調(diào)節(jié)耕深。隨著耕作機(jī)械朝著自動(dòng)化、智能化方向的發(fā)展,以及電控、液壓等技術(shù)的逐漸成熟,實(shí)現(xiàn)耕深的自動(dòng)調(diào)節(jié)已經(jīng)成為一種發(fā)展趨勢(shì)。為提高耕作機(jī)械作業(yè)過(guò)程中的耕作穩(wěn)定性,本文研制了一種耕深自動(dòng)調(diào)節(jié)系統(tǒng),主要研究?jī)?nèi)容如下:以某款耕耘機(jī)的后懸掛旋耕部件為研究對(duì)象,設(shè)計(jì)了機(jī)電液一體化耕深控制系統(tǒng),利用電控和液壓技術(shù)實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)耕深的自動(dòng)控制,同時(shí)加入PID控制算法優(yōu)化控制效果。與傳統(tǒng)的耕深調(diào)節(jié)方式相比,本系統(tǒng)采用雙傾角傳感器檢測(cè)耕深,通過(guò)耕深設(shè)定電位器設(shè)定耕深,控制芯片采集目標(biāo)耕深信號(hào)和傳感器實(shí)時(shí)反饋信號(hào),通過(guò)比較產(chǎn)生誤差信號(hào),誤差信號(hào)經(jīng)控制器計(jì)算處理后變?yōu)榭刂菩盘?hào),控制電磁比例換向閥換向和開口大小,實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)液壓系統(tǒng)的控制,從而達(dá)到控制耕深的目的。其中,電控系統(tǒng)采用AT89S52作為處理芯片,在硬件結(jié)構(gòu)上設(shè)計(jì)了相應(yīng)的模塊電路,同時(shí)結(jié)合傾角傳感器和執(zhí)行閥進(jìn)行接口電路設(shè)計(jì),實(shí)現(xiàn)了信號(hào)采集和閥控PWM信號(hào)的輸出。軟件系統(tǒng)基于C語(yǔ)言開發(fā),主要編寫了主程序、采集程序、IIC通信程序、PWM輸出程序等,其功能為接收耕深設(shè)定電位器和傾角傳感器的實(shí)時(shí)信號(hào),通過(guò)轉(zhuǎn)換運(yùn)算之后有選擇的輸出PWM波,其經(jīng)過(guò)RC濾波處理后轉(zhuǎn)換成模擬信號(hào)以控制電液比例換向閥的動(dòng)作。在液壓系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)部分,根據(jù)耕耘機(jī)耕深調(diào)節(jié)的工作要求,設(shè)計(jì)了耕深調(diào)節(jié)液壓系統(tǒng)及液壓驅(qū)動(dòng)旋耕回路;計(jì)算了旋耕部件作業(yè)的功率,根據(jù)功率匹配對(duì)液壓系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行了設(shè)計(jì),確定工作壓力為16MPa,油泵型號(hào)為PFE-31036,液壓馬達(dá)型號(hào)為1JMD-40,在此基礎(chǔ)上完成了液壓系統(tǒng)各個(gè)元器件和液壓管道的設(shè)計(jì)和選用。耕深調(diào)節(jié)過(guò)程中控制系統(tǒng)的動(dòng)態(tài)響應(yīng)對(duì)耕深調(diào)節(jié)的即時(shí)性有重要影響,為研究電液控制系統(tǒng)動(dòng)態(tài)響應(yīng)特性,本文利用Simulink中的Sim Hydraulic模塊對(duì)耕深控制系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行動(dòng)態(tài)仿真研究,搭建了閉環(huán)電液控制系統(tǒng)模型,根據(jù)各個(gè)元器件和模塊的參數(shù)對(duì)仿真系統(tǒng)模型進(jìn)行參數(shù)設(shè)定,對(duì)系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行分工況仿真。仿真工況分為調(diào)節(jié)耕耘機(jī)耕深從0增加到100mm,和從175mm減小到100mm兩個(gè)工況,用輸入階躍信號(hào)的方式表示設(shè)定耕深的動(dòng)作,用SIMHydraulic中傳感器模型來(lái)代替實(shí)際傳感器檢測(cè)相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù),用阻尼模塊代替懸臂給液壓桿的反作用力,用摩擦力模塊表示液壓缸動(dòng)作時(shí)活塞與缸體以及活塞桿與缸蓋的摩擦力,液阻、機(jī)械慣性等其他影響因素在仿真模型中用相應(yīng)的適當(dāng)?shù)哪K表示。仿真結(jié)果顯示,耕深控制系統(tǒng)存在約13%的耕深超調(diào)量,同時(shí)系統(tǒng)需要5.0s左右的振蕩時(shí)間才能控制耕深達(dá)到穩(wěn)態(tài)。為消除耕深超調(diào)現(xiàn)象,縮短調(diào)節(jié)耕深達(dá)到穩(wěn)態(tài)所需的時(shí)間,本文采用在誤差信號(hào)處理中使用積分分離PID控制算法的方法對(duì)耕深控制系統(tǒng)的動(dòng)態(tài)響應(yīng)特性進(jìn)行優(yōu)化。設(shè)定積分閾值為ε=0.08,當(dāng)誤差值較大時(shí)取消積分作用,加快調(diào)整速度,在耕深值迫近目標(biāo)值時(shí)再加上積分作用,提高控制精度。采用經(jīng)驗(yàn)試湊法整定PID參數(shù),當(dāng)Kp=0.08,Ki=1.2,Kd=0.001時(shí),系統(tǒng)具有較好的動(dòng)態(tài)響應(yīng),與未加入PID控制算法的仿真結(jié)果比較,幾乎消除了系統(tǒng)的耕深超調(diào)現(xiàn)象,同時(shí),將響應(yīng)時(shí)間縮短到1.4s左右,使耕深控制系統(tǒng)的動(dòng)態(tài)響應(yīng)達(dá)到較好的效果。在此基礎(chǔ)上,對(duì)耕耘機(jī)進(jìn)行了耕深穩(wěn)定性驗(yàn)證試驗(yàn),耕耘機(jī)在10cm和16cm的預(yù)設(shè)耕深條件下作業(yè)時(shí),耕深穩(wěn)定性變異系數(shù)分別為6.05%和3.54%,達(dá)到了旋耕作業(yè)規(guī)定的農(nóng)藝要求。
[Abstract]:Keeping the depth of tillage stability is one of the most important measures to improve the quality of Tillage in the process of tillage. At present, the cultivation depth regulation is mostly force regulation or position regulation, and its control effect on tillage depth is poor, and the depth measurement of tillage can only be realized by measuring the distance from the bottom to the untillage surface after the tillage. It has large error and can not feed back the deep information to the machine hand in real time, so that the hand can not adjust the depth of Tillage in real time according to the tillage effect. With the development of the farming machinery towards automation, the development of the direction of intelligence, and the gradual maturity of the electronic control and hydraulic technology, the automatic regulation of the depth of the tillage has become a trend of development. In this paper, a kind of automatic regulation system for tillage depth is developed in this paper. The main research contents are as follows: Based on the research object of the rear suspending rotary tillage part of a cultivator, the electromechanical hydraulic integrated tillage control system is designed. The automatic control of the depth of ploughing is realized by the electronic control and hydraulic technology, and the PID control algorithm is added to the control algorithm to optimize the control. Compared with the traditional tillage depth regulation mode, the system uses the dual tilt angle sensor to detect the depth of the tillage, set the tillage depth of the potentiometer through the depth of the tillage, and control the chip to collect the target ploughing depth signal and the real-time feedback signal of the sensor. The error signal is generated by comparison, and the error signal becomes the control signal after the controller calculation and processing, and the control electricity is controlled. The changing direction and opening size of the magnetic proportional directional valve realize the control of the hydraulic system, thus achieving the purpose of controlling the depth of the tillage. In the electronic control system, the AT89S52 is used as the processing chip, the corresponding module circuit is designed on the hardware structure, and the interface circuit is designed with the inclination sensor and the execution valve, and the signal acquisition and valve control are realized. The output of the PWM signal. The software system is developed based on the C language. The main program, the acquisition program, the IIC communication program and the PWM output program are mainly written. The function of the software system is to receive the real-time signal of the potentiometer and the tilt sensor for receiving the depth of the tillage. After the conversion operation, the selected output PWM wave has been converted to the analog signal after the RC filter processing. In the design part of the hydraulic system, the hydraulic system and the hydraulic driven rotary tillage loop are designed according to the working requirements of the cultivation depth regulation. The power of the working of the rotary tillage parts is calculated and the power matching hydraulic system is designed. The working pressure is 16MPa and the model of the oil pump is PFE-3 1036, the model of the hydraulic motor is 1JMD-40. On this basis, the design and selection of the components and the hydraulic pipes of the hydraulic system are completed. The dynamic response of the control system has an important influence on the immediacy of the ploughing depth regulation. In order to study the dynamic response characteristics of the electro-hydraulic control system, this paper uses the Sim Hydraulic model in the Simulink. The closed loop electro-hydraulic control system model is built by the dynamic simulation of the block to the tillage depth control system. According to the parameters of each component and module, the parameters of the simulation system are set, and the simulation system is simulated. The simulation conditions are divided into two conditions, which are to adjust the plough depth from 0 to 100mm, and to decrease from 175mm to 100mm. The input step signal means the action of setting up the depth of the tillage, using the sensor model in the SIMHydraulic to replace the actual sensor to detect the relevant data. The damping module is used to replace the reaction force of the cantilever to the hydraulic rod. The friction force, the hydraulic resistance and the mechanical inertia of the piston and the cylinder body, the piston rod and the cylinder head are expressed by the friction module. The simulation results show that the tillage depth control system has about 13% deep overshoot in the tillage control system, and the system needs about 5.0s oscillation time to control the tillage depth to reach the steady state. In the error signal processing, the integral separation PID control algorithm is used to optimize the dynamic response characteristics of the tillage depth control system. The integral threshold is set to be epsilon =0.08. When the error value is large, the integral action is cancelled and the adjusting speed is accelerated. The integral action is added to the value of the depth of the ploughing to improve the control precision. The experience test is adopted. In the case of Kp=0.08, Ki=1.2 and Kd=0.001, the system has better dynamic response. Compared with the simulation results without PID control algorithm, the system has almost eliminated the deep overshoot of the system. At the same time, the response time is shortened to about 1.4s, and the dynamic response of the control system of the ploughing depth control system is better. On the basis of this, the dynamic response of the PID is achieved. The tillage depth stability test was carried out by the cultivator. The variation coefficient of the tillage depth was 6.05% and 3.54% respectively when the cultivator was working under the presupposition tillage condition of 10cm and 16cm, which reached the agronomic requirements stipulated by the rotary tillage operation.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：西南大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：S222

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本文編號(hào)：2120937