本文選題：城市森林 + 森林結(jié)構(gòu)��； 參考：《中國林業(yè)科學(xué)研究院》2017年碩士論文

【摘要】：目前,城市化的加快直接導(dǎo)致生態(tài)建設(shè)用地不足,而城市森林建設(shè)主要致力于解決城市綠化質(zhì)量差、生態(tài)環(huán)境效能低以及維護(hù)管理成本高的問題,因此從林木樹冠覆蓋和空間三維綠量角度開展城市森林結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化、生態(tài)空間擴(kuò)展以及森林質(zhì)量提升的研究和探討具有重要的研究價值。本論文以北京城區(qū)居住區(qū)和機(jī)關(guān)單位為研究對象,以北京市城區(qū)2013年7-9月份經(jīng)過幾何校正和正射校正的分辨率為0.5m的World View 2遙感影像和2013年目視解譯的北京城區(qū)樹冠覆蓋柵格與矢量圖為數(shù)據(jù)源,結(jié)合實地調(diào)查,分別在整體水平上、不同環(huán)路、不同行政區(qū)和不同分類間分析討論了研究區(qū)域的城市森林結(jié)構(gòu)和城市林木樹冠覆蓋情況,包括樹種組成、群落多樣性、城市森林密度、徑級結(jié)構(gòu)、冠幅結(jié)構(gòu)、樹高結(jié)構(gòu)和現(xiàn)實樹冠覆蓋率、潛在樹冠覆蓋率,并對今后城市森林建設(shè)提出了優(yōu)化建議。研究結(jié)果顯示:(1)城市森林結(jié)構(gòu)特征居住區(qū)與機(jī)關(guān)單位城市森林的喬木比例極高,針葉樹種應(yīng)用頻率較低,鄉(xiāng)土樹種占到了76%。機(jī)關(guān)單位物種豐富度指數(shù)、Shannon-wiener指數(shù)、Simpson指數(shù)、Pielou指數(shù)均高于居住區(qū)。居住區(qū)中樹種應(yīng)用情況在各環(huán)路和行政區(qū)中均與城區(qū)整體相一致。居住區(qū)群落多樣性指數(shù)、豐富度指數(shù)的均值在不同環(huán)路間均呈現(xiàn)4-5環(huán)內(nèi)5-6環(huán)內(nèi)2環(huán)內(nèi)3-4環(huán)內(nèi)2環(huán)-3環(huán)內(nèi),而Pielou指數(shù)與其他指數(shù)變化趨勢不同之處為3-4環(huán)內(nèi)2環(huán)內(nèi)。不同行政分區(qū)間,海淀區(qū)、通州區(qū)、房山區(qū)的四項指標(biāo)均為前列。機(jī)關(guān)單位樹木平均胸徑、平均樹高、平均冠幅(19.97cm、7.63m、5.34m)均高于居住區(qū)樹木(17.58cm、7.76m、5.31m),三項指標(biāo)等級分布情況均為金字塔分布特征。居住區(qū)的三項結(jié)構(gòu)指標(biāo)在環(huán)路間均呈現(xiàn)出由城中心到城外圍逐漸減小的趨勢;各行政區(qū)間,東城區(qū)、西城區(qū)這些老城區(qū)平均水平較高。居住區(qū)和機(jī)關(guān)單位無論在整體上還是各分區(qū)上均已達(dá)到了城市森林的水平,能夠發(fā)揮類似森林的功能,但愈向外環(huán)路,城市森林的提升潛力越大。在排名前20的優(yōu)勢樹種中,國槐、白蠟和懸鈴木在北京居住區(qū)樹冠覆蓋和綠量上貢獻(xiàn)率均較大,刺柏、圓柏很低。(2)居住區(qū)樹冠覆蓋分析北京城區(qū)居住區(qū)林木樹冠覆蓋率為29.67%,最高為54.06%,最低為11.31%;植被潛在樹冠覆蓋率為0.22%。北京城區(qū)73.12%的居住區(qū)為低、中等樹冠覆蓋。其中不同居住區(qū)分類中:附屬居住區(qū)(33.96%)商品房(30.06%)安置房(20.77%);2006-2010年(33.49%)1991-2000年(30.64%)2010年后(30.62%)1981-1990年(29.78%)1980年前(29.21%)2000-2005年(26.86%);容積率越低的居住區(qū)樹冠覆蓋水平越高。居住區(qū)的樹冠覆蓋情況:城市外圍大于中心城區(qū),西部優(yōu)于東部,北部略高于南部。潛在樹冠覆蓋率在2環(huán)內(nèi)為0,只有城郊區(qū)存在潛在樹冠覆蓋面積,但是極小。(3)機(jī)關(guān)單位樹冠覆蓋分析機(jī)關(guān)單位樹冠覆蓋率為26.88%,最高為50.38%,最低為0,潛在樹冠覆蓋率只有0.643%。64%的單位為極低、低等樹冠覆蓋。不同行政級別中:鎮(zhèn)政府(38.13%)國家直屬單位(29.19%)區(qū)政府(26.61%)地區(qū)辦事處(21.61%)市直屬單位(20.83%)街道辦事處(7.99%),只有國家直屬單位和市直屬單位有潛在樹冠覆蓋率,分別為1.05%、0.02%。不同功能類別中:從事公益服務(wù)單位(28.14%)承擔(dān)行政職能單位(23.59%),只有從事公益服務(wù)單位有潛在樹冠覆蓋率為0.89%。機(jī)關(guān)單位的樹冠覆蓋情況:由城市中心到城市外圍隨環(huán)路的擴(kuò)張不斷增大,中心城區(qū)(西城區(qū)東城區(qū)豐臺區(qū))的最低,只有2-3環(huán)內(nèi)和海淀區(qū)有植被潛在樹冠覆蓋率,分別為1.85%和1.16%。(4)北京城區(qū)城市森林優(yōu)化建議根據(jù)上述城市森林調(diào)查結(jié)果,在遵循森林群落結(jié)構(gòu)與功能原則、生物多樣性與穩(wěn)定性原則、城市人文生態(tài)原則、可持續(xù)經(jīng)營原則、美學(xué)原則的基礎(chǔ)上,針對目前北京市生態(tài)建設(shè)用地不足、城市森林建設(shè)質(zhì)量不高等問題,從五個方面提出了具體的建議。第一,注重城市森林群落樹種的選擇以及喬灌木、常綠與落葉、鄉(xiāng)土與外來、特殊功能樹種的使用比例;第二,合理控制森林群落的密度,調(diào)控森林群落結(jié)構(gòu);第三,提高“人”在城市森林建設(shè)中的地位,在達(dá)到樹冠覆蓋率的前提下,充分考慮人的舒適感;第四,改善林水結(jié)合建設(shè),使森林和水體高效結(jié)合;第五,加強(qiáng)城市森林的后期維護(hù)與管理。
[Abstract]:At present, the acceleration of urbanization directly leads to the shortage of ecological construction land, and the urban forest construction is mainly devoted to solving the problems of poor urban greening quality, low ecological environment efficiency and high maintenance and management cost. Therefore, the forest structure optimization, ecological space expansion and forest development are carried out from the canopy coverage of forest tree crown and the three-dimensional green quantity of space. The research and discussion of quality promotion has important research value. This paper takes the residential area and the organization unit of Beijing urban area as the research object, taking the World View 2 remote sensing image of the geometric correction and orthophoto correction in 7-9 month of 2013 in the urban area of the city of Beijing and the canopy covering grid and vector of the Beijing urban area of Beijing in 2013 visual interpretation According to the data sources, the urban forest structure and canopy coverage of the urban forest are discussed on the whole level, different loops, different administrative regions and different classifications, including tree species composition, community diversity, urban forest density, diameter structure, crown structure, tree height structure and real crown cover. The results show that: (1) the proportion of urban forest structural characteristics in urban forest is very high, the application frequency of coniferous tree species is low, and native species accounts for the species richness index of 76%. unit, Shannon-wiener index, Sim The pson index and the Pielou index are all higher than the residential area. The application of tree species in the residential area is consistent with the whole city. The mean of community diversity index and richness index in the residential area are within the 2 ring and the 3-4 ring within the 2 ring -3 ring within the 2 ring of the 5-6 ring, and the Pielou index and the other index change trend in the residential area. The difference is within the 2 ring within the 3-4 ring. Among the different administrative divisions, the four indexes of Haidian District, Tongzhou District and Fangshan District are all ahead. The average tree diameter of the trees, the average tree height, the average crown (19.97cm, 7.63m, 5.34m) of the organ units are higher than those in the residential area (17.58cm, 7.76m, 5.31m), and the distribution of the rank of the three indexes are all distributed in Pyramid. The three structural indexes in the district are gradually decreasing from the city center to the periphery of the city, and the average level of the old urban areas of each administrative region, Dongcheng District and Xicheng District is higher. The greater the potential for urban forest promotion, the greater the potential for urban forest promotion. Among the top 20 dominant species, the crown coverage and the green amount of the crown cover and green of the Beijing residential area are all larger, the juniper and the cypress are low. (2) the canopy coverage of the residential area in the residential area of Beijing is 29.67%, the highest is 54.06%, and the lowest is 11.. 31%, the coverage of potential vegetation canopy was low and medium canopy coverage of 73.12% of 0.22%. Beijing urban area. Among the different residential areas, the residential area (33.96%) housing (30.06%) housing (20.77%), 2006-2010 years (33.49%) 1991-2000 years (30.64%) (30.62%) (30.62%), 1981-1990 years (29.78%) before 1980 (29.21%) 2000-2005 years (29.21%) The canopy coverage of residential areas is higher than that of the central city, the west is better than the East and the north is slightly higher than the south. The potential canopy coverage in the 2 ring is 0, only the suburban area has the potential canopy coverage, but it is very small. (3) the agency unit covering analysis organ units. The crown coverage rate was 26.88%, the highest was 50.38%, the lowest was 0. The potential crown coverage rate of only 0.643%.64% was very low, the lower crown covered. In different administrative levels, the town government (38.13%) the government (29.19%) government (29.19%) district government (26.61%) District Office (21.61%) directly subordinate unit (20.83%) of the street office (7.99%), only the country directly under the single. The potential canopy coverage of the units and cities is 1.05%, respectively, 1.05%, in different functional categories: the public service unit (28.14%) takes on the administrative unit (23.59%). Only the public service unit has the crown coverage of the potential crown coverage of the 0.89%. unit: the expansion of the city center to the periphery of the city with the ring road. Increasing, the central city (Xicheng District, Dongcheng District Fengtai District) is the lowest, only 2-3 rings and Haidian District have potential canopy coverage of vegetation, 1.85% and 1.16%. (4) Beijing urban forest optimization recommendations based on the results of the urban forest survey, following the principle of forest colony structure and function, biodiversity and stability principles, On the basis of urban humanities and ecological principles, sustainable management principles and aesthetic principles, specific suggestions are put forward in view of the shortage of ecological construction land in Beijing and the low quality of urban forest construction. First, the selection of tree species and trees and shrubs, evergreen and deciduous, local and foreign, special. The use ratio of functional tree species; second, reasonable control forest community density, control forest community structure; third, improve the status of "man" in urban forest construction, under the premise of reaching the canopy coverage rate, fully consider the sense of human comfort; fourth, improve the construction of forest water junction, make the forest and water body combine efficiently; fifth, strengthen the city The late maintenance and management of the forest.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國林業(yè)科學(xué)研究院
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：S757

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