本文選題：油茶 + 雜交親和　； 參考：《中南林業(yè)科技大學》2017年碩士論文

【摘要】：油茶(Camellia oleifera)是我國所特有的可食用木本油料植物,其適應性廣,抗逆性強,已有2000多年的人工栽培應用歷史,但在生產(chǎn)中還普遍存在著坐果率低、產(chǎn)量低等問題,為了更好地探索油茶生殖生物學特性,為良種選育和豐產(chǎn)栽培研究提供理論與技術依據(jù),本研究以'湘林10號'、'湘林97號'、茅崗大果、白皮中子、'湘林53號'、'湘林1號'、'湘林190號'七個優(yōu)良無性系為實驗材料,通過芽苗砧嫁接,田間控制授粉與座果率調查,并結合石蠟切片,熒光顯微觀察等方法,對其不同品種間雜交及芽苗砧嫁接親和性進行了研究。主要結果如下:1.以四個油茶品種'湘林10號'、'湘林97號'、茅崗大果與白皮中子做雜交親和性研究。其單株及群體花期都比較長,從10月下旬開花至12月上旬,基本持續(xù)40d左右的時間,整體上四個品種的花期基本相遇。同時發(fā)現(xiàn)四個不同油茶品種之間的花部器官指數(shù)存有一定的差異性,其中在雌蕊長、胚珠數(shù)目和雄蕊數(shù)等方面存有顯著差異,且四個品種的花冠都超過了 7cm。'湘林10號'、'湘林97號'、茅崗大果、白皮中子的花粉萌發(fā)率分別為94.4%、98.7%、95.3%、81.4%,該油茶品種的雄配子為可育。且其花粉胚珠比P/O都介于2108-195525.0之間,為專性異交類型,并與0CI檢測的結果一致。四個品種的經(jīng)濟性狀指標之間有一定差異,每個品種都在某些性狀方面占有一定的優(yōu)勢,但沒有一個品種在各項經(jīng)濟指標上占完全優(yōu)勢。'湘林10號'品種坐果率最高,達到76.84%;'湘林10號'的鮮出籽率最高,為46.25%;'湘林97號'的干籽出仁率最高,為64.32%;茅崗大果的干出籽率、種仁含油率、鮮果含油率均最高,分別為 27.85%、48.86%、7.97%。2.以'湘林53號'、'湘林1號'作為嫁接用砧木,以'湘林190號'作為接穗。在嫁接后的第4天,嫁接口產(chǎn)生隔離層;在嫁接后的第10天,嫁接口的砧木產(chǎn)生愈傷組織;在嫁接后的第22天,嫁接口的接穗產(chǎn)生愈傷組織;在嫁接后的第34天,嫁接口的砧木與接穗通過產(chǎn)生的愈傷組織塊互相連接;在嫁接后的第52天,嫁接口的形成層形成;在嫁接后的第63天,嫁接口的愈傷組織維管束形成,接穗連接成功。'湘林1號'作為砧木與'湘林190號'作為接穗嫁接的親和性較好,砧穗的接合部位細胞解剖結構其相似度較大。形成層是油茶芽苗砧嫁接體產(chǎn)生愈傷組織的主要來源,因此在嫁接中應盡量做到形成層對齊、密接。3.異花花粉能在柱頭上正常萌發(fā),在雜交授粉后2h,柱頭上的花粉開始大量萌發(fā),且不同雜交組合按花粉萌發(fā)數(shù)量遞減排列分別為'湘林97號'× '湘林10號'、'湘林10號'×'湘林97號'、湘林10號'×茅崗大果、'湘林10號'×白皮中子、茅崗大果×'湘林10號'、白皮中子×'湘林10號';雜交授粉后4h,發(fā)現(xiàn)花粉管已經(jīng)穿過柱頭的乳突細胞伸至柱頭內(nèi),并向花柱上部的引導組織逐漸伸入,雜交組合'湘林10號'×'湘林97號'的花粉管伸至柱頭內(nèi)的數(shù)量較多;雜交授粉8h后花粉管到達花柱中部,24h后到達花柱基部,60h后直至112h可陸續(xù)觀察到雜交花粉管正常進入子房和胚珠之中并完成雙受精過程�；ǚ酃艿钠骄L速度'湘林10號'×'湘林97號'為36.12mm/h,'湘林10號'×茅崗大果為33.24mm/h,'湘林10號'×白皮中子為31.16mm/h,'湘林97號'×'湘林10號'為34.26mm/h,茅崗大果'×湘林10號'為31.02mm/h,白皮中子×'湘林 10 號'為 30.88mm/h。4.雙受精和胚胎發(fā)育過程正常時,一個助細胞會在精細胞進入之前即退化解體,合點端可以看見有兩個反足細胞。雜交授粉后60 h,極核與精細胞融合,授粉后112 h,精卵細胞融合。油茶受精方式為珠孔受精,配子融合屬于有絲分裂前類型。雜交授粉后12 d,形成合子,胚乳發(fā)育類型為核型胚乳。在油茶雜交后112h,可以觀察到部分胚珠的珠心組織與內(nèi)外珠被均正常,觀察發(fā)現(xiàn)植物胚珠表現(xiàn)與正常的胚珠無異,但是胚囊較萎縮與狹長,且被填滿了褐色的物質,而且胚囊的體積很小,已經(jīng)退化壞死。也有部分胚珠會出現(xiàn)胚囊發(fā)育異常導致壞死。雜交組合茅崗大果'×湘林10號'與白皮中子×'湘林10號'的結果中表現(xiàn)為壞死的植物胚珠最多,其次為雜交組合'湘林10號'×茅崗大果、'湘林10號'×白皮中子與'湘林97號'×'湘林10號'的結果,雜交組合'湘林10號'×'湘林97號'的表現(xiàn)為壞死的植物胚珠最少。
[Abstract]:Camellia oleifera is a unique edible woody oil plant in China. It has a wide adaptability and strong resistance. It has been used for more than 2000 years in artificial cultivation. But there are many problems in production, such as low fruit setting rate and low yield. In order to better explore the reproductive biological characteristics of Camellia, it is a good breeding and high yield cultivation study. To provide theoretical and technical basis, this study takes' Xiang Lin 10 ',' Xiang Lin 97 ', Maogang big fruit, white skin neutrons,' Xiang Lin 53 ',' Xiang Lin 1 ',' Xiang Lin 190 'seven excellent clones as experimental materials, grafted by buds and anvil, control pollination and fruit setting rate in field, and combined with paraffin section, fluorescence microscopic observation and other methods, to its different varieties The main results were as follows: 1. the compatibility of four camellia varieties' Xiang Lin 10 ',' Xiang Lin 97 ', Maogang big fruit and white skin neutrons were studied. The flowering period of single plant and population was long, from late October to early December, it lasted about 40d, and four varieties were on the whole. At the same time, the florescence of the four different camellia varieties had a certain difference, in which there was a significant difference in the length of the pistil, the number of ovules and the number of stamens, and the corolla of the four varieties exceeded 7cm.'Xiang Lin 10', 'Xiang Lin 97', Maogang big fruit, and the pollen germination rate of white skin neutrons respectively. For 94.4%, 98.7%, 95.3%, 81.4%, the male gamete of the tea variety was fertile, and its pollen ovule was between P/O and 2108-195525.0. It was a specific cross type and was consistent with the result of 0CI detection. There was a certain difference between the economic traits of the four varieties, each of which had some advantages in some traits, but no one. The variety has the full advantage in various economic indexes. The fruit setting rate of 'Xiang Lin 10' is the highest, reaching 76.84%. The highest rate of fresh out seed of 'Xiang Lin 10' is the highest, 46.25%, and the highest yield of the dry seed of the 'Xiang Lin 97' is the highest, 64.32%. The seed oil rate of Maogang big fruit, the kernel oil content and the oil content of fresh fruit are the highest, 27.85%, 48.86%, 7.97%.2. to 'Xiang Lin 5.' No. 3 ',' Xiang Lin 1 'as a grafted rootstock, taking' Xiang Lin 190 'as a scion. In fourth days after grafting, the marriage interface produces isolation layer; on the tenth day after grafting, the rootstock of the married interface produces callus; on the twenty-second day after grafting, the graft of the married interface produces callus; on the thirty-fourth day after grafting, the rootstock of the married interface passes through the scion on the thirty-fourth day after grafting. The callus produced were connected to each other; the formation layer of the interfacing interface was formed on the fifty-second day after grafting; in the sixty-third day after grafting, the vascular bundles of the callus were formed and the connection of the scion was successfully connected. The affinity of the rootstock and the 'Xiang Lin 190' as the rootstock and 'Xiang Lin 190' was better, and the anatomical structure of the joint part of the anvil was similar. The formation layer is the main source of callus production in the grafted body of the oil tea bud rootstock. Therefore, the formation layer should be aligned as much as possible in the grafting. The dense.3. pollen can germinate normally on the stigma. After the cross pollination, the pollen on the stigma begins to germinate, and the different hybrid combinations are arranged according to the number of pollen germination, respectively. 'Xiang Lin 97' * 'Xiang Lin 10', 'Xiang Lin 10' * 'Xiang Lin 97', Xiang Lin 10 'xomogang big fruit,' Xiang Lin '10' x white neutron, Maogang big fruit X 'Xiang Lin 10', white leather neutron X 'Xiang Lin 10'; after cross pollination 4h, it was found that the pollen tube had passed through the stigma to the stigma, and gradually extended into the guide tissue above the column. The number of the pollen tubes of the hybrid combination 'Xiang Lin 10' * 'Xiang Lin 97' is more in the stigma; after cross pollination 8h, the pollen tube reaches the middle of the style, and then reaches the base of the style after 24h. After 60H, the hybrid pollen tube can be observed to enter the ovary and ovule and complete the double fertilization process. The average growth rate of the pollen tube is' Xiang Lin 10 '. Number 'x' Xiang Lin 97 '36.12mm/h,' Xiang Lin 10 'x Maogang big fruit is 33.24mm/h,' Xiang Lin 10 '* white skin neutron is 31.16mm/h,' Xiang Lin 97 'x' Xiang Lin 10 'is 34.26mm/h, Maogang big fruit' XXXL 10 'is 31.02mm/h, white skin neutron X' Xiang Lin 10 'is 30.88mm/h.4. double fertilization and embryo development process normal, a helper cell will be in Two antipodal cells can be seen before the entry of sperm cells. 60 h after cross pollination, 60 h after pollination, 112 h after pollination and fusion of spermatocytes. The fertilization mode of Camellia oleifera is permt fertilization, and the fusion of gametes belongs to the type of pre mitosis. After cross pollination, the zygote is formed, and the type of endosperm development is nuclear endosperm. After the hybrid 112h, it was observed that the ovule tissue of some ovules and the inner and outer integument were normal. It was observed that the ovule showed no difference with the normal ovule, but the embryo sac was atrophy and long and filled with brown material, and the embryo sac was very small and had degenerated and necrotic. The hybrid combination of Maogang big fruit 'xxiang 10' and the white skin neutron X 'Xiang Lin 10' showed the most necrotic ovules, followed by the hybrid combination 'Xiang Lin 10' x maoang big fruit, 'Xiang Lin 10' * white skin neutron and 'Xiang Lin 97' x 'Xiang Lin 10', and a hybrid combination of 'Xiang Lin 10' * 'Xiang Lin 97' The ovules, which are now necrotic, are the least.

【學位授予單位】：中南林業(yè)科技大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：S794.4
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本文編號：1830757