本文選題：寬壟溝灌 + 土壤蒸發(fā)　； 參考：《華北水利水電大學(xué)》2017年碩士論文

【摘要】：本文通過試驗(yàn)對寬壟溝灌條件下作物棵間土壤蒸發(fā)規(guī)律、計劃濕潤層總體土壤水分動態(tài)和不同層深的土壤水分變化規(guī)律、灌秸稈覆蓋處理對作物耗水規(guī)律及產(chǎn)量的影響進(jìn)行研究,取得的主要成果如下:(1)通過大田試驗(yàn)實(shí)測數(shù)據(jù),分析了寬壟溝灌和常規(guī)畦灌分別在三種不同灌水控制下限的灌溉條件下棵間蒸發(fā)的耗水變化規(guī)律,對作物每個生育階段的棵間土壤蒸發(fā)量在其階段耗水量中所占的比例變化情況以及每個處理總的棵間蒸發(fā)占總耗水量的比例關(guān)系;分別繪制出了棵間土壤蒸發(fā)與表層土壤含水率、葉面積指數(shù)的關(guān)系曲線圖,對影響棵間土壤蒸發(fā)的兩大主要因素進(jìn)行了系統(tǒng)分析;最后分析了試驗(yàn)田間灌溉后的土壤蒸發(fā)強(qiáng)度的變化。結(jié)果表明:寬壟溝灌能夠明顯的減少棵間蒸發(fā),并且效果比較明顯,從而可以產(chǎn)生明顯的節(jié)水效果;相對棵間土壤蒸發(fā)與表層土壤含水率、葉面積指數(shù)均呈良好的指數(shù)函數(shù)的關(guān)系;灌溉后的前幾天,為了達(dá)到節(jié)水目的,盡量采用少次、多量的灌水方式,并且減少表層土壤濕潤面積和時間,在降雨和灌溉后前幾天應(yīng)該采取相應(yīng)的有效措施擬制棵間土壤蒸發(fā)。(2)通過觀測不同灌水方式根層土壤水分的動態(tài)變化,揭示了不同灌水方式和土層深度土壤含水率的變化規(guī)律研究作物的每個生育階段的耗水規(guī)律。結(jié)果表明:夏玉米生育期土壤含水量波動較冬小麥頻繁,周年內(nèi),水分處理越高,土壤含水量波動越大,0~20cm土層內(nèi)土壤含水率波動頻率大,且波動幅度也較大,隨著土層加深,土壤含水量波動減小;兩種作物都是拔節(jié)期到灌漿期耗水量最大,約占全生育期耗水量的45%~50%;與傳統(tǒng)畦灌模式相比,溝灌各水分處理的耗水量減少38.15mm~44.13 mm,水分利用效率提高9.17%~22.73%。六個處理中L-70綜合表現(xiàn)最優(yōu),因?yàn)槠洚a(chǎn)量較高、耗水量適度,最主要其水分生產(chǎn)效率最高,兩組L-70處理平均分別達(dá)到1.84 kg/m3、1.81kg/m3。(3)研究了寬壟溝灌種植下3種水分處理和4種覆蓋處理對夏玉米階段耗水規(guī)律及產(chǎn)量的影響。結(jié)果表明:同一水分處理下,秸稈覆蓋增加了夏玉米的產(chǎn)量,其中F2處理增產(chǎn)效果最顯著,增產(chǎn)率可達(dá)2.68%~4.58%;出苗—拔節(jié)期覆蓋處理表現(xiàn)出明顯的保墑能力,較F0最高可節(jié)水8.32~9.81 mm,拔節(jié)—抽雄期和抽雄—灌漿期降雨較多,導(dǎo)致大量的無效水蒸發(fā),F2覆蓋處理最適宜;結(jié)合水分處理和覆蓋處理,L-70水分處理和F2覆蓋處理效果最優(yōu),產(chǎn)量高達(dá)7 815.42 kg/hm2,耗水僅為366.09 mm,水分利用效率為2.13 kg/m3,降水利用效率為5.73 kg/m3。
[Abstract]:In this paper, under the condition of wide ridge furrow irrigation, the law of soil evaporation between crops was studied, and the total soil moisture dynamics and the soil moisture changes of different depths in the wetting layer were planned. The effects of straw mulch treatment on crop water consumption and yield were studied. The main results obtained were as follows: 1. In this paper, the variation of water consumption between trees under three irrigation conditions with three different irrigation control limits was analyzed for wide furrow irrigation and conventional border irrigation, respectively. The variation of the proportion of soil evaporation in the water consumption in each growing stage of crops and the relationship between the total evaporation and the total water consumption of each treatment were studied. The curves of relationship between soil evaporation and surface soil moisture content and leaf area index were plotted, and the two main factors affecting soil evaporation were analyzed systematically. Finally, the change of soil evaporation intensity after irrigation was analyzed. The results show that wide ridge irrigation can obviously reduce interplant evaporation, and the effect is obvious, so it can produce obvious water-saving effect, and the relative soil evaporation and surface soil moisture content, In order to achieve the purpose of saving water, the method of irrigation was adopted as few times and as much as possible, and the surface soil wetting area and time were reduced. Several days before rainfall and irrigation, effective measures should be taken to prepare soil evaporation between trees. (2) dynamic changes of soil moisture in root layer of different irrigation methods should be observed. The variation law of soil moisture content in different irrigation methods and soil depth was revealed. The water consumption in each growing stage of crops was studied. The results showed that the fluctuation of soil water content in summer maize growing period was more frequent than that of winter wheat. The higher the annual water treatment, the greater the fluctuation frequency of soil moisture content in 20cm soil layer, and the larger the fluctuation range was, with the deepening of soil layer. The fluctuation of soil water content was decreased, the water consumption of the two crops was the largest from jointing stage to filling stage, which accounted for 4550% of the water consumption in the whole growth period. Compared with the traditional border irrigation model, the water consumption of each water treatment in furrow irrigation decreased by 38.15mm~44.13 mm, and the water use efficiency increased 9.17% 22.73%. Among the six treatments, L-70 had the best comprehensive performance because of its high yield, moderate water consumption and the highest water production efficiency. The effects of three kinds of water treatment and four mulching treatments on water consumption and yield of summer maize were studied in two groups (average 1.84 kg / m ~ (3) ~ (3) ~ (-1) kg 路m ~ (3) 路m ~ (3) ~ (3). The results showed that straw mulching increased the yield of summer maize under the same water treatment, among which F2 treatment had the most significant effect on increasing yield, the yield increase rate could reach 2.68% 4.58, and the mulching treatment of seedling and jointing stage showed obvious ability to preserve soil moisture. Compared with F0, the highest water-saving rate was 8.32 ~ 9.81 mm, and more rainfall occurred during jointing and heading and filling stage, which resulted in a large amount of ineffective water evaporation and F _ 2 mulching treatment, and the combination of water treatment and mulching treatment had the best effect of water treatment and F _ 2 mulching treatment. The yield was as high as 7 815.42 kg / hm ~ (2), water consumption was only 366.09 mm, water use efficiency was 2.13 kg / m ~ (3) and precipitation utilization efficiency was 5.73 kg / m ~ (3).
【學(xué)位授予單位】：華北水利水電大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：S275.3

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