發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-04-16 11:29

  本文選題：蓄水坑灌 + 坑深�。� 參考：《太原理工大學(xué)》2017年碩士論文

【摘要】：我國(guó)北方山丘區(qū)是蘋(píng)果種植的主要地區(qū),果園規(guī)模日益擴(kuò)大,與此同時(shí),水資源短缺是果農(nóng)面臨的主要難題,粗放的灌溉方式也大大阻礙了蘋(píng)果的優(yōu)質(zhì)、高產(chǎn)。蓄水坑灌法在黃土高原具有極大的發(fā)展?jié)摿?可有效解決土壤干旱及水土流失等問(wèn)題。本文對(duì)3a齡矮砧紅富士蘋(píng)果幼樹(shù)進(jìn)行田間試驗(yàn),探究蓄水坑灌條件下適宜幼樹(shù)生長(zhǎng)的合理坑深和灌水上下限,分析了幼樹(shù)的根系、形態(tài)、生理指標(biāo)與不同坑深和灌水上下限之間的響應(yīng)關(guān)系,并建立了果樹(shù)各形態(tài)指標(biāo)的Logistic生長(zhǎng)模型,討論了坑深和灌水對(duì)模型方程中各參數(shù)的影響情況,最后利用主成分分析法對(duì)各處理的優(yōu)劣進(jìn)行綜合評(píng)價(jià),并進(jìn)一步制定基于幼樹(shù)生長(zhǎng)的合理坑深和灌水上下限評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)。本文得出的主要結(jié)論如下:1、蓄水坑灌條件下各處理土壤水分變化規(guī)律的研究(1)蓄水坑灌處理土壤含水率在垂向上呈現(xiàn)先增大后減小的趨勢(shì)。蓄水坑灌各處理的土壤含水率高值區(qū),隨坑深的增大而明顯下移,隨灌水上下限的增大而范圍變廣。土壤含水率極大值出現(xiàn)的土層深度為對(duì)應(yīng)坑深的二倍�？由钣绊懲寥浪址植�,灌水上下限影響土壤含水率大小,二者共同影響土壤含水率的變化情況。(2)蓄水坑灌條件下計(jì)劃濕潤(rùn)土層內(nèi)平均含水率降幅隨坑深及灌水上下的增大而減小,地面灌溉處理的降幅最大。2、蓄水坑灌條件下各處理根系生長(zhǎng)的變化規(guī)律的研究幼樹(shù)的根長(zhǎng)密度、總根量隨生育期推進(jìn),呈先增大后減小的變化規(guī)律。根長(zhǎng)密度與總根量均在灌水上下限為60%θ_田-90%θ_田時(shí)優(yōu)于其他兩種灌水處理(50%θ_田-80%θ_田,70%θ_田-100%θ_田);坑深40cm的根系分布情況與土壤水分分布的匹配程度比坑深60cm更高,同時(shí)比坑深20cm的處理更能誘導(dǎo)根系深扎,減小地表干旱對(duì)果樹(shù)的影響,促進(jìn)培育坑旱品種。3、蓄水坑灌條件下各處理幼樹(shù)形態(tài)、生理指標(biāo)變化規(guī)律的研究(1)幼樹(shù)新梢和樹(shù)干直徑生長(zhǎng)在全生育期均呈現(xiàn)為“S”型。新梢累計(jì)增長(zhǎng)量在坑深40cm、灌水上下限60%θ_田-90%θ_田時(shí)最優(yōu);樹(shù)干直徑累計(jì)增長(zhǎng)量隨坑深增大而減小,隨灌水上下限增大而增大,樹(shù)干生長(zhǎng)對(duì)灌水的變化更為敏感。Logistic生長(zhǎng)模型能較準(zhǔn)確地模擬蘋(píng)果幼樹(shù)的新梢累計(jì)增長(zhǎng)量和樹(shù)干直徑累計(jì)增長(zhǎng)量的月變化過(guò)程,模型的擬合程度高。(2)葉水勢(shì)與土壤水分含量密切相關(guān),地面灌溉葉水勢(shì)低于各蓄水坑灌處理。蓄水坑灌條件下,葉水勢(shì)隨坑深和灌水上下限的增大而增大;葉水勢(shì)日變幅在坑深40cm、灌水上下限70%θ_田-100%θ_田時(shí)最小。4、蓄水坑灌條件下各處理光合特性指標(biāo)變化規(guī)律的研究(1)幼樹(shù)的光合特性指標(biāo)受太陽(yáng)輻射強(qiáng)度、降雨、氣溫等外界影響的差異較明顯,整體上蓄水坑灌優(yōu)于地面灌溉。光合有效輻射在坑深60cm、灌水上下限70%θ_田-100%θ_田時(shí)最強(qiáng);氣孔導(dǎo)度和胞間CO_2濃度在灌水上下限60%θ_田-90%θ_田處理時(shí)明顯優(yōu)于其他兩種灌水處理,且隨坑深增大而增大;葉片蒸騰速率和凈光合速率在灌水上下限70%θ_田-100%θ_田時(shí)達(dá)到最大。(2)全生育期幼樹(shù)葉片水分利用效率呈現(xiàn)先減小再增大的規(guī)律。葉片水分利用效率隨坑深及灌水上下限的增大而減小。全生育期幼樹(shù)葉片光能利用效率呈現(xiàn)為先逐漸增大,后迅速減小,再逐漸增大的趨勢(shì)。葉片光能利用效率隨坑深加深而減小,隨著灌水上下限升高而增大。整體上,蓄水坑灌處理的葉片水分利用效率和光能利用效率均高于地面灌溉處理。結(jié)合前文理論分析,利用主成分分析法得出,在北方典型的壤土質(zhì)地土壤及大陸性半干旱氣候條件下,適宜三年生矮砧密植紅富士幼樹(shù)生長(zhǎng)的蓄水坑灌法處理為坑深40cm、灌水上下限為60%θ_田-90%θ_田的組合。
[Abstract]:North area is the main area of Apple Planting Orchard, the increasing size, at the same time, the shortage of water resources is the main problem faced by farmers, extensive irrigation has greatly hindered the apple quality, high yield. Irrigation has great development potential in the loess plateau water storage pit, which can effectively solve the problems of drought and soil the loss of 3A. The old dwarfing red Fuji apple trees for field experiment on the condition of water storage pit irrigation for reasonable sapling growth and deep pit irrigation limits, analysis of young root morphology, physiological response relationship between the lower limit refers to the standard and different pit depth and the irrigation, and the establishment of a growth model Logistic all the morphological indexes of fruit trees, discusses the influence of the pit depth and the irrigation of the model parameters in the equation, then the principal component analysis method on the merits of each treatment of comprehensive evaluation, and a Step reasonable sapling growth pit depth and the irrigation limit based on the evaluation. The main conclusions of this paper are as follows: 1. Study on the condition of water storage pit irrigation the variation in soil moisture (1) irrigation soil moisture content was first increased and then decreased in the vertical direction of soil water storage pit pit. With the processing rate, with the depth increased significantly with increasing irrigation lower down, and wider range of soil moisture content. The maximum depth is two times the corresponding deep pit. The pit depth influence the distribution of soil moisture, irrigation on soil moisture influence size limit of two. Influence of change of soil water content. (2) the plan of water storage pit irrigation increased soil moist in the average moisture content drop with pit depth and irrigation on the ground and decrease of maximum.2 drop irrigation treatment, the condition of water storage pit irrigation 鏍圭郴鐢熼暱鐨勫彉鍖栬寰嬬殑鐮旂┒騫兼爲(wèi)鐨勬牴闀垮瘑搴，

本文編號(hào)：1758715