本文選題：水稻 + 氮��； 參考：《華中農(nóng)業(yè)大學》2017年碩士論文

【摘要】：水稻是我國最重要的糧食作物,水稻產(chǎn)量的高低,對保障我國糧食安全起了非常重要的作用。氮肥的施用是保障水稻產(chǎn)量的重要途徑之一,鋅對水稻產(chǎn)量與品質(zhì)都有重要作用,同時鋅也是保障居民身體健康不可忽視的重要微量元素。本研究一方面以兩優(yōu)培九、9311、GD194、7954、日本晴為研究材料,通過營養(yǎng)液實驗設(shè)置3個氮水平,在苗期、分蘗期、抽穗期分析生長表型和養(yǎng)分含量,以此研究在不同氮濃度處理下,各水稻品種生物量和養(yǎng)分變化規(guī)律,鑒定氮高低效品種;另一方面以氮高、低效水稻品種兩優(yōu)培九和日本晴為研究材料,設(shè)置氮鋅交互處理,分析生長表型、養(yǎng)分含量和田間產(chǎn)量,以此研究氮鋅互作對水稻生長、結(jié)實和生理生化的影響。獲得主要研究結(jié)果如下:1.不同氮水平下,各水稻品種生長和養(yǎng)分變化規(guī)律以及氮利用效率差異分析5個水稻品種在3個氮水平下培養(yǎng),分析了苗期、分蘗期、抽穗期各水稻品種的干重、株高、根系構(gòu)型、光合利用能力、養(yǎng)分含量。主要研究結(jié)果如下:(1)隨著供氮水平的提升,在分蘗期和抽穗期各水稻品種的株高、干重、SPAD值顯著增加,總根長、總根表面積、根系總體積、平均直徑顯著降低,光合速率不斷提高;各品種間生長表型上存在顯著差異,兩優(yōu)培九在各指標上顯著高于其他4個水稻品種,日本晴最低,表現(xiàn)為:兩優(yōu)培九GD194≥9311≥7954日本晴。(2)氮的吸收利用上,各水稻品種隨著氮素水平的提高,氮含量和累積量顯著增加,兩優(yōu)培九氮素累積量顯著高于其它品種,日本晴顯著低于其他品種。各水稻品種各生育期地上部和根的氮生理利用效率和氮利用指數(shù)隨氮水平的提高而降低。兩優(yōu)培九的氮生理利用效率和氮利用指數(shù)顯著高于其他品種,日本晴最低。在分蘗期,0.48 mmol/L N和0.96mmol/L N條件下,相較于其他品種,兩優(yōu)培九地上部氮生理利用效率分別提高13%-37%和24%-50%,在抽穗期分別提高了24%-80%和44%-66%。由此認為兩優(yōu)培九為氮高效品種,日本晴為氮低效對照品種,用于后續(xù)氮鋅互作研究。(3)此外,氮水平的提高,促進了各水稻品種地上部各組織磷和鋅的累積量;各水稻品種磷的分配比例,隨氮水平的提高表現(xiàn)為,在分蘗期和抽穗期,根中磷分配比例逐漸降低,地上部磷的分配比例分別提高了2.9%-11.1%、3.4%-15%。在分蘗期和抽穗期,氮水平的提升,促進了根和新葉鋅含量的提升,而降低了莖部鋅含量,并促進鋅從水稻根和莖向葉片分配。2.氮鋅交互處理下,氮高低效品種生長、產(chǎn)量和養(yǎng)分變化的分析(1)以氮高低效品種兩優(yōu)培九、日本晴為材料,在不同氮梯度和不同鋅梯度營養(yǎng)液培養(yǎng)下,研究兩個水稻品種生長表型和養(yǎng)分含量的變化。主要結(jié)果如下:(1)不同氮梯度培養(yǎng)下,氮水平的提升會促進植株生長發(fā)育,但是過量的氮也會對植株生長產(chǎn)生抑制作用。氮水平的提升能夠提高兩個水稻品種各部位氮、磷、鉀、鋅的累積量,適宜的氮水平促進磷和鉀從水稻根向地上部轉(zhuǎn)移,促進鋅從莖向新葉分配。(2)不同鋅梯度培養(yǎng)下,鋅水平的提升,促進了水稻生長發(fā)育,在高鋅條件下,水稻會出現(xiàn)鋅中毒抑制植株生長發(fā)育,且低效品種對高氮、高鋅耐受性較弱。隨著鋅水平的提升,兩個水稻品種根部氮含量增加,其他部位氮含量變化不一,適宜的鋅水平能夠提高氮在新葉中的分配比例;在一定范圍內(nèi),鋅水平的提升,降低了水稻各部位磷含量,促進鉀含量的提升,磷鉀在各品種各部位的分配變化不一。由此獲得水稻較適宜的氮和鋅水平,用于后續(xù)氮鋅交互處理研究。(2)以氮高低效品種兩優(yōu)培九、日本晴為材料,通過營養(yǎng)液培養(yǎng),在氮鋅交互處理下,研究氮鋅互作對水稻生長和養(yǎng)分的影響。在兩個氮水平下,加鋅顯著提高兩個品種株高和干重,并且在低氮條件下效果更為顯著。兩個氮水平下,加鋅均能促進氮生理利用效率;正常氮水平下,加鋅顯著提高水稻根部氮含量和各組織部位氮的吸收累積,促進水稻體內(nèi)氮向葉部轉(zhuǎn)移。在兩個鋅水平下,提高氮的供應(yīng)水平,均促進水稻的生長發(fā)育,提高葉對鋅的分配與累積。同時,提高氮水平會促進植株對磷和鉀的吸收累積,提高鋅的用量會促進磷和鉀在植株中的累積量。在高氮水平下,加鋅顯著增加各組織部位谷氨酰胺合成酶的活性,促進水稻氮的固定。(3)以氮高低效品種兩優(yōu)培九和日本晴為材料,通過大田小區(qū)試驗,設(shè)置氮鋅交互處理,分析水稻產(chǎn)量及構(gòu)成因素和各組織部位養(yǎng)分含量。結(jié)果表明:氮肥和鋅肥的施用均能促進水稻各部位干重、單株產(chǎn)量和理論產(chǎn)量均提升。增施鋅肥后,兩優(yōu)培九在低、中、高氮(90 kg/hm2、180 kg/hm2、270 kg/hm2)條件下單株產(chǎn)量分別提高了22%、37%、10%;理論產(chǎn)量上,低氮時無顯著性差異,中、高氮時分別提高了21%、13%。日本晴在中、高氮條件下單株產(chǎn)量分別提高了80%、35%;理論產(chǎn)量分別提高了63%、38%。并且兩個水稻品種在低氮施鋅與中氮不施鋅條件下單株產(chǎn)量無顯著差異,兩個水稻品種中氮施鋅條件下理論產(chǎn)量與在高氮不施鋅下理論產(chǎn)量無顯著性差異。因此,增施鋅肥顯著提高水稻產(chǎn)量,施鋅肥能夠在一定范圍內(nèi)替代氮肥的效果,為減施氮肥而不減產(chǎn)提供了可能。鋅肥的施用能夠促進各組織部位氮的累積量和地上部氮分配比例,品種間存在一定差異;在高氮條件下增施鋅肥,可以促進水稻各部位氮含量的提升。在兩個施鋅水平下,增施氮肥對水稻各部位鋅含量的提升有所差異,但是能夠促進各部位鋅的累積量,提高鋅在老葉、新葉和葉鞘的分配比例。同時,氮水平的提高能夠促進磷和鉀含量和累積量;施鋅降低日本晴各部位磷含量和磷累積量和低、中氮條件下兩優(yōu)培九的磷含量。
[Abstract]:Rice is the most important food crops in China, rice yield, plays a very important role in ensuring food security in China. Nitrogen fertilizer is one of the important ways to ensure the yield of rice, zinc has a significant effect on the yield and quality of rice, while zinc is also protecting people health can not be ignored trace elements. On the one hand to two hetarosis nine, 9311, GD1947954 and Nipponbare as research material, through the nutrient experiment set 3 nitrogen levels in the seedling stage, tillering stage, heading stage of growth phenotype and nutrient content, in order to study in different nitrogen concentration, the biomass and nutrient of rice varieties changes in the law, identification of high nitrogen efficiency cultivars; on the other hand the high nitrogen, inefficient rice varieties two Liangyoupei nine and Nipponbare as research material, nitrogen and zinc interaction processing, analysis of the growth phenotype, nutrient content and field production, in order to study Nitrogen and zinc interaction on rice growth, fruiting and physiological and biochemical effects. The main results are as follows: 1. under different nitrogen levels, the rice growth and nutrient variation and nitrogen use efficiency difference analysis of 5 rice varieties under 3 N levels of cultivation, seedling, tillering and heading stages of rice varieties the dry weight, plant height, root configuration, photosynthesis capacity, nutrient content. The main results are as follows: (1) with the nitrogen level, at tillering and heading stages of rice plant height, dry weight, SPAD value increased significantly, total root length, total root surface area, total root volume, average diameter decreased, photosynthetic rate increased; the varieties growth phenotype of the existence of significant differences, two hetarosis nine in each index was significantly higher than the other 4 rice varieties, Nipponbare lowest, as follows: two hetarosis nine GD194 = 9311 = 7954 Nipponbare (2) nitrogen. The absorption and utilization of different rice varieties, with the increase of the nitrogen, nitrogen content and accumulation increased significantly, two hetarosis nine nitrogen accumulation was significantly higher than that of other varieties, Nipponbare was significantly lower than the other varieties. The rice varieties in each growth period to improve the shoot and root nitrogen physiological use efficiency and nitrogen utilization index with nitrogen level reduced. Using two hetarosis nine nitrogen efficiency and nitrogen physiological utilization index was significantly higher than that of other varieties, Nipponbare. The lowest in tillering stage, 0.48 mmol/L N and 0.96mmol/L N, compared to the other nine varieties, two hetarosis N physiological use efficiency increased by 13%-37% and 24%-50% respectively, at the heading stage were increased 24%-80% and 44%-66%. conclude two hetarosis nine for nitrogen efficient varieties, Nipponbare and n-inefficient CK, for subsequent studies on the interaction between nitrogen and zinc (3). In addition, increasing nitrogen levels, promote the rice farming upper product The accumulation of phosphorus and zinc; phosphorus distribution ratio of different rice varieties, with increasing nitrogen levels, at tillering stage and heading stage, root phosphorus distribution ratio decreased gradually, the distribution proportion of phosphorus were increased by 2.9%-11.1% and 3.4%-15%. at tillering stage and heading stage, nitrogen level. To promote the new leaf root and zinc content increased, and reduced stem zinc content, and promoted the interactive processing of zinc from rice root and stem to leaf nitrogen and zinc.2. under high nitrogen efficiency cultivars growth, yield and nutrient analysis of variation (1) with high nitrogen efficiency cultivars two hetarosis nine, Nipponbare as the material, in different nitrogen gradient and different gradient of zinc nutrition training, changes of two rice varieties growth phenotype and nutrient content. The main results are as follows: (1) under different nitrogen gradient, nitrogen level will promote plant growth and development, but also the excess nitrogen on plant The plant growth inhibition. Nitrogen level can improve all parts of two rice varieties of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, zinc accumulation, nitrogen phosphorus and potassium in promoting transfer from root to shoot, promote the zinc distribution from stem to leaves. (2) different zinc gradient culture, zinc to enhance the level, promote the growth and development of rice in high zinc conditions, rice will appear zinc poisoning inhibition of plant growth and development, and inefficient varieties of high nitrogen, high zinc tolerance is weak. With the zinc level of two rice varieties, increase root nitrogen content, nitrogen content is not a part of other changes, suitable the level of zinc can improve the nitrogen distribution in new leaf proportion; in a certain range, the zinc level, reduce the phosphorus content in different parts of rice, promote the potassium content increased, phosphorus and potassium in the distribution of various parts of different varieties varied. Thus obtained nitrogen and zinc levels in rice is suitable For the follow-up, nitrogen and zinc interaction research. (2) with high nitrogen efficiency cultivars two Liangyoupei nine and Nipponbare as material, through nutrient solution culture, the interaction of nitrogen and zinc, effects of nitrogen and zinc interaction on rice growth and nutrition. In two levels of nitrogen, zinc significantly increased two the plant height and dry weight, and the effect under low nitrogen condition is more significant. Two levels of nitrogen, zinc could promote nitrogen physiological efficiency; the normal nitrogen level, plus zinc significantly increased root nitrogen content in rice and the tissue nitrogen accumulation, nitrogen transfer to promote rice leaf in two zinc level, increase the nitrogen supply level, promote the growth and development of rice, increase leaf on zinc distribution and accumulation. At the same time, improve the level of nitrogen can promote the absorption of phosphorus and potassium accumulation, increase the amount of zinc accumulation in promoting phosphorus and potassium in plants. High nitrogen level Under the addition of zinc increased significantly different tissues of glutamine synthetase activity, promote rice nitrogen fixation. (3) with high nitrogen efficiency cultivars two Liangyoupei nine and Nipponbare as material, through field experiment, nitrogen and zinc interaction, analysis of yield and yield components in rice and different tissues. The results showed that the nutrient content: nitrogen and zinc fertilizer could promote the all parts of rice dry weight, yield per plant and yield were improved. The theory of increasing application of zinc fertilizer, two hetarosis, nine in the low and high nitrogen (90 kg/hm2180 kg/hm2270 kg/hm2) single plant yield was increased by 22%, 37%, 10%; the theory of production low nitrogen, no significant difference in high nitrogen were increased by 21%, 13%. in Nipponbare, high nitrogen single plant yield were increased by 80%, 35%; the theoretical yield were increased by 63%, 38%. and two rice varieties in low nitrogen and zinc in zinc under no nitrogen No significant differences in the yield of two rice varieties, the yield of nitrogen and zinc theory conditions in high yield under no nitrogen theory of zinc had no significant difference. Therefore, increasing application of zinc fertilizer significantly increased rice yield, Zn fertilizer can replace nitrogen in a certain range, for the reduction of nitrogen fertilizer and production possible. Zinc fertilizer can promote the accumulation and the nitrogen distribution proportion of different tissues of nitrogen, there are some differences between the varieties; increasing application of zinc fertilizer in high nitrogen conditions, can promote the nitrogen content in different parts of rice. In the two levels of zinc fertilizer, increase fertilizer on zinc in various parts of rice vary, but can promote the accumulation of various parts of zinc, zinc increased in old leaves, the distribution proportion of new leaf and leaf sheath. At the same time, increasing nitrogen levels can promote the phosphorus and potassium content and accumulation; Zn decreased Nipponbare of each part of phosphorus content and Phosphorus accumulation and phosphorus content of two optimum culture nine under low and medium nitrogen conditions.

【學位授予單位】：華中農(nóng)業(yè)大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：S511

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本文編號：1733257