本文選題：三峽庫(kù)區(qū) + 土壤侵蝕　； 參考：《重慶師范大學(xué)》2017年碩士論文

【摘要】：三峽大壩作為世界大型水利工程之一,它的建設(shè)形成了三峽庫(kù)區(qū)這一特殊區(qū)域。本區(qū)地處長(zhǎng)江上游末端,不僅關(guān)系到三峽工程的安全,更是關(guān)系到長(zhǎng)江流域生態(tài)安全的重要生態(tài)屏障區(qū)。三峽大壩的建設(shè)以及隨之而來(lái)的城鎮(zhèn)遷建、移民安置必定會(huì)對(duì)本區(qū)的地表形態(tài)造成擾動(dòng),進(jìn)而對(duì)區(qū)域土地利用及氣候環(huán)境造成影響從而影響到水土流失過(guò)程。土壤侵蝕及其導(dǎo)致的一系列環(huán)境問(wèn)題是世界性主要環(huán)境問(wèn)題之一也是該區(qū)所面臨的最為嚴(yán)重的環(huán)境問(wèn)題。土壤侵蝕導(dǎo)致大量的泥沙直接入庫(kù),淤積將大大縮減水庫(kù)有效庫(kù)容、縮短三峽電站壽命的同時(shí)引發(fā)和加劇長(zhǎng)江流域洪災(zāi)。本文基于3S技術(shù),采用通用土壤流失方程RUSLE對(duì)三峽庫(kù)區(qū)1990-2010年間5個(gè)年份土壤侵蝕進(jìn)行計(jì)算,并對(duì)研究區(qū)1990-2010年的土壤侵蝕強(qiáng)度時(shí)空變化、不同土地利用背景下的土壤侵蝕強(qiáng)度時(shí)空變化及分布規(guī)律進(jìn)行定量分析,為三峽庫(kù)區(qū)的可持續(xù)發(fā)展提供支持。最后基于三峽庫(kù)區(qū)1990年侵蝕降雨特征,利用BP神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)對(duì)2010年75個(gè)站點(diǎn)降雨侵蝕力進(jìn)行模擬、驗(yàn)證,在此基礎(chǔ)上,預(yù)測(cè)2030年75個(gè)站點(diǎn)降雨侵蝕力。選取2030年預(yù)測(cè)結(jié)果中位于庫(kù)區(qū)周?chē)?8個(gè)站點(diǎn)降雨侵蝕力進(jìn)行Kriging插值,結(jié)合2030年庫(kù)區(qū)自然增長(zhǎng)、生態(tài)保護(hù)情景下土地利用模擬數(shù)據(jù),基于修正土壤通用流失方程(RUSLE)計(jì)算2030年庫(kù)區(qū)土壤侵蝕強(qiáng)度。結(jié)果表明:(1)1990-2010年三峽庫(kù)區(qū)平均土壤侵蝕模數(shù)與土壤侵蝕量總體上呈現(xiàn)減少的趨勢(shì),多年平均土壤侵蝕量為18356.45萬(wàn)t,屬于中度侵蝕;從空間上看,土壤侵蝕整體空間分布結(jié)構(gòu)具有不平衡特征,主要表現(xiàn)為由東向西逐漸減小的趨勢(shì),研究區(qū)微度、輕度侵蝕等級(jí)分布面積最廣。(2)1990-2010年間水田、草地面積有所下降,水域、建設(shè)用地呈現(xiàn)不斷增長(zhǎng)的趨勢(shì)。庫(kù)區(qū)建設(shè)用地的土地利用變化動(dòng)態(tài)度增速最快,其次是水域。水田與旱地的相互轉(zhuǎn)換、水田旱地的轉(zhuǎn)出與轉(zhuǎn)入、林草地的互換、林地與草地的水體淹沒(méi)是1990-2010這20年間庫(kù)區(qū)土地利用轉(zhuǎn)換的主要方式。(3)6種不同土地利用在同一年分內(nèi)土壤侵蝕強(qiáng)度指數(shù):旱地草地林地水田建設(shè)用地;各土地利用類(lèi)型微度侵蝕的面積逐漸增加,中度侵蝕及其以上的侵蝕等級(jí)的侵蝕面積都不同程度的向低等級(jí)轉(zhuǎn)移;土地利用類(lèi)型之間的轉(zhuǎn)化對(duì)土壤侵蝕產(chǎn)生的深刻的影響,特別是造成土壤侵蝕的跨級(jí)突變,林草地的開(kāi)墾、水田的旱種會(huì)造成土壤侵蝕強(qiáng)度的升高,耕地的退耕還林壞草,草地轉(zhuǎn)換成林地導(dǎo)致土壤侵蝕強(qiáng)度的降低。(4)2010年庫(kù)區(qū)降雨侵蝕力的平均模擬相對(duì)誤差為15%,測(cè)試樣本數(shù)據(jù)相對(duì)誤差為14.67%,預(yù)測(cè)相對(duì)誤差為19.65%,NE系數(shù)為0.85,說(shuō)明BP神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)對(duì)庫(kù)區(qū)降雨侵蝕力具有良好模擬效果;2010年庫(kù)區(qū)土壤侵蝕強(qiáng)度的Kappa指數(shù)為0.75,總體計(jì)算結(jié)果能滿足模擬與預(yù)測(cè)需求。(5)在土地利用不變情況下,2030年庫(kù)區(qū)輕度、中度侵蝕面積均有所增加,微度侵蝕面積及強(qiáng)度以上侵蝕面積均呈減少趨勢(shì),且侵蝕強(qiáng)度轉(zhuǎn)變中的58%來(lái)源于相鄰侵蝕強(qiáng)度,跨侵蝕等級(jí)區(qū)的較少;在降雨侵蝕力不變情況下,自然增長(zhǎng)、生態(tài)保護(hù)情境下未來(lái)土地利用變化所導(dǎo)致的土壤侵蝕均呈下降趨勢(shì),后者土壤侵蝕下降的趨勢(shì)更為明顯;在降雨侵蝕力及土地利用均變化的情況下,自然增長(zhǎng)、生態(tài)保護(hù)情景下土壤侵蝕均呈下降趨勢(shì)。
[Abstract]:The Three Gorges Dam as one of the world's large water conservancy project, its construction has formed a special area of the Three Gorges Reservoir area. This area is located in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River at the end, not only related to the safety of the Three Gorges project, it is related to the important ecological barrier area of ecological safety of the Yangtze River. The Three Gorges dam construction and the urban relocation, resettlement must will cause disturbance to the area of the surface morphology, and the regional land use and climate impact which affects the process of soil erosion. Soil erosion and caused a series of environmental problems are global to the most serious environmental problems is facing environmental problems is one of the area. The soil erosion resulting in a large number of sediment directly storage, will greatly reduce the effective capacity of reservoir sedimentation, shorten the life of the Three Gorges power station at the same time triggered and exacerbated by floods in the Changjiang River Valley. This paper is based on 3S technology. Using the universal soil loss equation RUSLE in Three Gorges Reservoir Area during the past 1990-2010 years, 5 years of soil erosion was calculated, and the strength of the temporal and spatial variation of 1990-2010 years of soil erosion in the study area, different background soil changes and distribution of erosion intensity temporal and spatial quantitative analysis of land use, to provide support for the sustainable development of Three Gorges Reservoir area. Finally, based on the characteristics of rainfall erosion the Three Gorges Reservoir Area in 1990, verified the simulation, erosion force on 2010 at 75 sites rainfall by using BP neural network, based on the 2030 forecast of 75 sites rainfall erosivity. Kriging interpolation erosion force of 28 sites located in the area around the reservoir from 2030 rainfall prediction results, combined with the natural growth in 2030, ecological protection scenario land use simulation data, revised universal soil loss equation (RUSLE) based on the calculation of soil erosion intensity in 2030. The results showed that: (1 1990-2010 years in Three Gorges Reservoir Area) average soil erosion and soil erosion modulus showed a decreasing trend, the average soil erosion amount was 183 million 564 thousand and 500 t, which belongs to moderate erosion; from the space, the overall structure is unbalanced spatial distribution characteristics of soil erosion, the main form is gradually decreased from East to west, the study area of micro, mild erosion area were the most widely distributed. (2) 1990-2010 years of paddy field, grassland area decreased, water area, construction land is increasing. The construction land dynamic degree of land use change increased the fastest, followed by water. Conversion between paddy field and dry land, paddy upland and turn into swap, forest and grassland, woodland and grassland in the water flooding is the main way of land use conversion in the reservoir area during the past 20 years. 1990-2010 (3) of 6 different land use in the same year that part of soil erosion intensity The number of dry grassland woodland: paddy field of construction land; the land use types slightly erosion area increased, erosion area and erosion and moderate erosion above the level of the different levels of transferring to the low level; the land use change type between the effects on soil erosion in the deep, especially caused by cross level mutations in soil erosion, reclamation of grassland and forest, upland paddy field will cause soil erosion intensity increasing, farmland returning farmland to forest and grassland into bad grass, woodland reduce soil erosion intensity. (4) the average rainfall erosivity in 2010 relative error is 15%, the test sample data prediction relative error is 14.67%. The relative error is 19.65%, NE coefficient was 0.85, indicating that BP neural network has good effect on reservoir simulation of Rainfall Erosivity in reservoir area; soil erosion intensity index was 0.75 Kappa in 2010, the total volume calculation result To meet the needs of the simulation and prediction of land use. (5) in the same case, 2030 in mild, moderate erosion area has increased, the micro degree erosion area and erosion area decreased, and the erosion intensity in transition from 58% adjacent cross erosion intensity, erosion grade area is less; the natural growth in the the rainfall erosivity unchanged, ecological protection, under the situation of future land use changes of soil erosion caused by decreased, which decreased the soil erosion trend is more obvious; the rainfall erosivity and land use change under the condition of natural growth, ecological protection scenario of soil erosion decreased.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：重慶師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：S157.1

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