本文選題：東北黑土區(qū)　切入點(diǎn)：融雪侵蝕　出處：《沈陽農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)》2017年碩士論文

【摘要】：春季融雪期土壤由于受到融雪徑流、凍融作用及未完全解凍層影響,細(xì)溝發(fā)育有別于降雨期。融雪期細(xì)溝侵蝕在許多地區(qū)都有發(fā)生,但該時(shí)期細(xì)溝侵蝕的研究遠(yuǎn)落后于降雨期。本研究以東北黑土區(qū)黑土和白漿土為研究對(duì)象,采用野外實(shí)地測量與室內(nèi)模擬相結(jié)合的方式,進(jìn)行春季融雪期坡面細(xì)溝侵蝕研究。通過對(duì)野外典型壟作農(nóng)田細(xì)溝形態(tài)及分布指標(biāo)進(jìn)行測量,分析黑土和白漿土坡面融雪期細(xì)溝侵蝕的形態(tài)、侵蝕程度及空間分布特征。在此基礎(chǔ)上,選取凍融溫差,凍融循環(huán)次數(shù),土壤含水率,徑流量和解凍深度5個(gè)影響因素,進(jìn)行融雪期細(xì)溝侵蝕室內(nèi)模擬實(shí)驗(yàn),以進(jìn)一步探究融雪期各因素對(duì)細(xì)溝侵蝕的影響。得出以下主要結(jié)論:(1)融雪期壟作農(nóng)田細(xì)溝形態(tài)特征。利用野外觀測結(jié)果,根據(jù)細(xì)溝走向與壟臺(tái)之間相對(duì)位置關(guān)系,將黑土和白漿土壟作農(nóng)田中由融雪侵蝕形成的細(xì)溝分為順壟型、斷壟型和復(fù)合型三種類型。對(duì)黑土坡面來說,順壟型細(xì)溝平均長度(168.05cm)和寬度(5.53cm)較大而深度(4.81cm)最小;斷壟型細(xì)溝平均長度(74.72cm)及變異程度最小,深度(5.25cm)最大;復(fù)合型細(xì)溝平均長度(215.42cm)最大而寬度(5.14cm)最小。對(duì)白漿土坡面來說,順壟型細(xì)溝的平均寬度(10.25cm)、深度(3.57cm)及二者的變異程度最大,而寬深比系數(shù)小,形態(tài)相對(duì)"窄深";斷壟型細(xì)溝平均長度(38.90cm)、寬度(7.72cm)、深度(2.26cm)均最小;復(fù)合型細(xì)溝平均長度(145.46cm)最大而細(xì)溝寬度的變異程度最小。(2)融雪期壟作農(nóng)田細(xì)溝分布特征。不同坡向來說,黑土和白漿土坡面融雪期細(xì)溝侵蝕程度規(guī)律相似,陽坡的細(xì)溝侵蝕量、細(xì)溝密度和細(xì)溝割裂度均大于陰坡,說明陽坡的破碎程度及細(xì)溝侵蝕程度大于陰坡。不同坡位來說,黑土和白漿土坡面融雪期細(xì)溝侵蝕強(qiáng)烈地段均集中在中、下部位置,而兩種土壤細(xì)溝形態(tài)受坡位的影響存在差異。黑土坡面上,陰坡細(xì)溝寬深比系數(shù)和細(xì)溝侵蝕量最大值均出現(xiàn)在下部(距坡頂260～312m位置),在此區(qū)域斷壟型細(xì)溝侵蝕量最大,其次為順壟型,復(fù)合型;陽坡細(xì)溝寬深比系數(shù)最大值出現(xiàn)在距坡頂54～81m區(qū)域。距坡頂81～108m區(qū)域的細(xì)溝侵蝕量最大,占該坡面細(xì)溝侵蝕總量的64%,順壟型和復(fù)合型貢獻(xiàn)細(xì)溝侵蝕量較大,斷壟型較小。白漿土坡面上,陰坡細(xì)溝寬深比系數(shù)最大值出現(xiàn)在距坡頂0～24m區(qū)域,細(xì)溝形態(tài)從坡上到坡下部由"寬淺"向"窄深"變化。陰坡發(fā)育的細(xì)溝在距坡頂72～96m區(qū)域侵蝕量最大,在此區(qū)域順壟型細(xì)溝侵蝕量最大,其次為復(fù)合型,斷壟型;陽坡細(xì)溝寬深比系數(shù)最大值出現(xiàn)在距坡頂75～100m區(qū)域。在距坡頂125～150m區(qū)域細(xì)溝侵蝕量最大,占該坡面細(xì)溝侵蝕總量的77%,順壟型和復(fù)合型細(xì)溝貢獻(xiàn)侵蝕量較大,斷壟型較小。(3)融雪期各因素對(duì)細(xì)溝侵蝕的影響。分析凍融溫差、凍融循環(huán)次數(shù)、土壤含水率、徑流量和土壤解凍深度對(duì)融雪期細(xì)溝形態(tài)和侵蝕量的影響,得出解凍深度是影響黑土細(xì)溝寬深比的首要因素,徑流量是影響黑土和白漿土細(xì)溝侵蝕量的首要因素。徑流量對(duì)黑土細(xì)溝寬深比影響較小,對(duì)白漿土影響較大。凍融循環(huán)次數(shù)對(duì)兩種土壤的細(xì)溝侵蝕量的影響較小;相同條件下,黑土與白漿土細(xì)溝形態(tài)差異較大,白漿土的細(xì)溝侵蝕量大于黑土的細(xì)溝侵蝕量;凍融溫差在0℃左右凍融上下波動(dòng)時(shí),黑土和白漿土細(xì)溝侵蝕量較大。含水率對(duì)黑土細(xì)溝侵蝕量影響程度大于白漿土,凍融溫差和含水率對(duì)黑土和白漿土細(xì)溝寬深比的影響較接近;未解凍的凍結(jié)層對(duì)黑土和白漿土侵蝕量的增大均有一定的抑制作用。
[Abstract]:The spring snowmelt soil due to snowmelt runoff, freezing and thawing and incompletely thawed layer effects, different from the period of rainfall. The snowmelt period rill rill erosion in many areas have occurred, but the period of rill erosion on far behind the rainfall period. In this study, the black soil and Albic Soil in the black soil region of Northeast China as the research the object, by using field measurements and indoor simulation combination, the spring snowmelt period of rill erosion research. Through the measurement of morphology and distribution index of typical field ridge farmland rill, black soil and albic soil slope analysis of snowmelt rill erosion morphology, erosion degree and spatial distribution characteristics. On this basis, selection of frozen melting temperature, freeze-thaw cycles, soil moisture, runoff and thaw depth of the 5 factors of snowmelt rill erosion simulated experiment, to further explore the factors of snowmelt. Effects on erosion rill. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) the characteristics of rill ridge farmland snowmelt. Using field observation results, according to the trend and rill ridge relative position, and Albic Soil in farmland soil in the ridge formed by snowmelt erosion rill is divided into smooth ridge type, rate type and composite type three types. On black soil slope, the average length of a ridge along the rill (168.05cm) and width (5.53cm) and large depth (4.81cm) minimum rate; the average length of rill type (74.72cm) and the minimum degree of variation, the maximum depth (5.25cm); the average length of the compound (215.42cm) and maximum rill width (5.14cm) minimum. Albic soil slope, the average width of the ridge along the rill type (10.25cm), depth (3.57cm) and the maximum variation degree of two, and the ratio of width to depth coefficient of small, relatively narrow and deep form "; the average rate of rill length type (38.90cm), width (7.72cm), depth (2.26cm) had the smallest; the average length of the compound (145.46cm) and the minimum maximum rill rill width variation. (2) the distribution characteristics of farmland rill ridge snowmelt. Different slope, slope surface soil and albic snowmelt rill erosion regularity is similar to that of the sunny slope rill erosion, rill density and rill lacerative degree was higher than that of sunny slope slope, the fracture degree and rill erosion degree is greater than the slope. Different slope, slope and albic black soil erosion surface area strongly snowmelt rill are concentrated in the lower position, and two kinds of soil fine groove shape is affected by slope position. There are differences in the black soil slope, slope rill the ratio of width to depth of rill erosion amount coefficient and the maximum values appeared in the lower part (260 ~ 312m distance from the top of the slope position) in this area, type rate of rill erosion is the largest, followed by the smooth ridge type, compound type; sunny rill width depth ratio coefficient maximum In the distance from the top of the slope region of 54 to 81m. 81 to 108m distance from the top of the slope area of the rill erosion amount is the largest, accounting for 64% of the total amount of the rill erosion, smooth ridge type and composite type with a large amount of rill erosion rate, small. Albic soil slope, slope rill width to depth ratio of the maximum in the distance of the top 0 to the 24m area, rill morphology from the slope to the slope by the "shallow" to "narrow and deep changes. The development of slope rill in the distance from the top of the slope region of 72 to 96m maximum erosion in this area, along the ridge of rill erosion is the largest, followed by the composite rate; rill width depth ratio coefficient of slope the value in the distance of 75 ~ 100m in the slope area. The region of 125 to 150m distance from the top of the slope rill erosion is the largest, accounting for 77% of the total amount of the rill erosion, smooth ridge type and complex type of rill erosion rate with larger, smaller type. (3) the influencing factors of snowmelt erosion rill. Temperature of freezing and thawing analysis, The freeze-thaw cycle, soil moisture, affect runoff and soil thaw depth of rill erosion and snowmelt, the effects of soil thaw depth is deeper than the primary factor of rill width, runoff is the primary factor affecting erosion and lessive soil. Rill runoff on black soil rill width to depth ratio little effect, albic soil influence. Influence of freeze-thaw cycles on two soil rill erosion amount; under the same conditions, black soil and Albic Soil rill morphological difference, rill erosion of PLANOSOL rill erosion amount is greater than the black soil; freeze-thaw temperature at 0 degrees Celsius on freezing and thawing under the fluctuation, and albic soil erosion rill large amount of moisture. The degree of impact on soil rill erosion amount is greater than PLANOSOL, freeze-thaw temperature and moisture content of black and white slurry soil rill width to depth ratio effect is close to the frozen layer of frozen unsolved; There is a certain inhibition effect on the increase of the erosion amount of the black soil and the white pulp soil.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：沈陽農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：S157.1

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