本文選題：生物炭　切入點：作物生育指標　出處：《內(nèi)蒙古農(nóng)業(yè)大學》2017年碩士論文

【摘要】：地球是我們?nèi)祟愘囈陨娴募覉@,然而隨著近幾年工業(yè)、農(nóng)業(yè)、經(jīng)濟的快速發(fā)展,導致我們的家園不堪重負,溫室效應的加劇,氣候的異常變化、持續(xù)不斷的霧霾無一不在向我們敲響保護環(huán)境的警鐘,因此,保護環(huán)境已刻不容緩。農(nóng)業(yè)是我們?nèi)祟惖哪芰恐?然而持續(xù)加大的農(nóng)業(yè)集約化壓力,化肥施用數(shù)量和強度不斷增加,導致土壤板結酸化、面源污染問題等不斷加重,且農(nóng)業(yè)是重要的溫室氣體排放源之一,對溫室效應的影響不可小覷,據(jù)國內(nèi)外研究人員研究發(fā)現(xiàn),生物炭在土壤改良和固碳減排等方面卓有成效。因此,分別于2015和2016年通過田間小區(qū)試驗,在膜下滴灌條件下設置不同秸稈生物炭施用量(0、15、30、45t/hm~2)和不同灌溉水量梯度(張力計控制灌水下限:-35、-25、-15kPa),研究水炭(生物炭)耦合對土壤理化性質、作物生長發(fā)育、產(chǎn)量以及農(nóng)田土壤溫室氣體(CO2、CH4、N20)排放的影響規(guī)律,并估算CH4和N20的綜合增溫潛勢(GWP)及其排放強度(GHGI),以期生物炭能夠在改善土壤狀況、減緩溫室氣體排放方面有一定效果,從而找出適宜的生物炭施用量和灌溉水量,這不僅為生物炭在內(nèi)蒙古地區(qū)的廣泛推廣與利用提供理論依據(jù),同時也促進了農(nóng)業(yè)和生態(tài)環(huán)境的可持續(xù)發(fā)展。研究結果如下:1)土壤理化性質研究。施用生物炭在不同的灌水下限均提高了耕層土壤電導率,且隨著生物炭施用量的增加基本呈先增加后降低的趨勢;提高耕層土壤解堿氮、速效鉀、有機質和有效磷含量,其中,高生物炭施用量處理有機質和有效磷增幅最大;在三葉期和拔節(jié)期隨著生物炭施用量的增加土壤表層溫度逐漸增加,在抽雄期之后,除30t/hm~2的生物炭處理外,其它均低于對照,同一生物炭施用量,在三葉期隨著灌水量增多,土壤表層溫度呈降低趨勢,在之后的生育期均表現(xiàn)為W2W1W3,其中,灌水下限-25kPa和生物炭施用量30t/hm~2是提高土壤表層溫度的較佳水炭組合;生物炭和灌溉水量對土壤pH基本無影響;適量的生物炭施用量在不同的灌溉定額下均可以提高土壤含水率,其中,15t/hm~2和30t/hm~2可較大限度地提高土壤含水率。2)玉米生長發(fā)育和產(chǎn)量研究。灌水和施炭均顯著提高玉米全生育期株高、莖粗、玉米葉面積指數(shù)(從拔節(jié)到成熟);生物炭顯著提高產(chǎn)量、玉米收獲指數(shù),灌水量對產(chǎn)量和收獲指數(shù)影響不顯著;生物炭對干物質影響不顯著,灌水量在枯水年顯著提高玉米干物質量,在豐水年影響不顯著;水炭交互作用對上述作物指標都不顯著。3)農(nóng)田溫室氣體排放規(guī)律研究。適量施用生物炭能夠有效地降低玉米農(nóng)田土壤CO2、N20和CH4的季節(jié)累計排放總量,進而降低玉米農(nóng)田土壤CH4和N20的綜合增溫潛勢(GWP),最終降低溫室氣體排放強度(GHGI),降幅都達40%以上,綜合考慮,添加30t/hm~2的生物炭是比較合適的生物炭施用量,農(nóng)田CO2、N20和CH4兩年里的平均季節(jié)累計排放總量分別減少 3016.81、0.46、0.31 kg/hm~2。4)肥料利用效率及經(jīng)濟效益。水炭耦合顯著提高氮、磷、鉀肥的肥料利用率和經(jīng)濟效益,其中灌水下限-25kPa,生物炭施用量15t/hm~2和30t/hm~2均可以達到較大節(jié)水潛力、肥料利用潛力、玉米經(jīng)濟效益,2015年和2016年凈收益分別增加282.2～4534.7元/公頃,727.42～3057.44元/公頃。綜上所述,膜下滴灌條件下適量的生物炭施用量和灌水量可有效改善土壤理化性質,提高作物各項生育指標,減少溫室氣體排放,有利于提高土壤肥料利用率,改善溫室效應,提高經(jīng)濟效益,因此,適量施用生物炭和灌水對內(nèi)蒙古地區(qū)農(nóng)業(yè)經(jīng)濟發(fā)展和農(nóng)業(yè)環(huán)境保護具有重要意義,其中,灌水下限-25kPa,生物炭施用量15t/hm~2和30t/hm~2可實現(xiàn)土壤質量有效提高、玉米增產(chǎn)和固碳減排的目標。
[Abstract]:The earth is our home to human survival, but in recent years, industrial, agricultural, rapid economic development, leading to overwhelmed our homes, the intensification of the greenhouse effect, climate change, continuous haze without to alarm us, protect the environment and protect the environment is agriculture has been urgent. Our source of energy intensive agriculture continued to increase while pressure, the number and intensity of chemical fertilizer increasing, soil compaction acidification, non-point source pollution problems such as increasing, and agriculture is one of the important sources of greenhouse gas emissions and impact should not be overlooked on the greenhouse effect, according to the domestic and foreign researchers have found that biological carbon in soil improvement and carbon sequestration and very fruitful. Therefore, in 2015 and 2016 respectively through field experiment in drip irrigation under mulch straw set Carbon fertilizer (0,15,30,45t/hm~2) and different irrigation water gradient (tensiometer the lower limit of irrigation: -35, -25, -15kPa), the research of water carbon (biochar) coupling on soil physicochemical properties, crop growth, yield and soil greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4, N20) influence of emissions, and increase comprehensive estimation the temperature potential of CH4 and N20 (GWP) and emission intensity (GHGI), in order to improve soil conditions in biochar, have certain effect to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, so as to find out the suitable biological carbon fertilizer and irrigation water, which not only provides a theoretical basis for the popularization and utilization of bio carbon in Inner Mongolia area at the same time, to promote the sustainable development of agriculture and ecological environment. The results are as follows: 1) study on the physicochemical properties of soil. Biochar significantly increased soil conductivity in different irrigation lower limit, and with biochar application amount increase The basic was firstly increased and then decreased; improve soil alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen, available potassium, the organic matter and available phosphorus content, high carbon, biological fertilizer with organic matter and available phosphorus increased the maximum; in the three leaf stage and jointing stage with biochar application rate increased soil temperature gradually increased after smoking male, in addition to biochar treatment 30t/hm~2, the other was lower than that of the control, the same biological carbon fertilizer, in the period with the increase of irrigation amount, the soil surface temperature decreased, growth period after the performance for W2W1W3, the irrigation lower limit -25kPa and biochar application amount of 30t/hm~2 is better to improve the water carbon composite soil surface temperature; basic biological carbon and irrigation water had no effect on soil pH; biochar amount of fertilizer can increase the soil water content in different irrigation quota under the 15t/hm~2 and 30t/hm~2 greatly To improve the soil moisture content.2) development and yield of maize growth. Irrigation and Fertilization on carbon were significantly increased during whole growth period of maize plant height, stem diameter, leaf area index (maize from jointing to maturity); biochar significantly increased the yield, harvest index, the effects of irrigation on Yield and harvest index were not significant; biological no significant effect of carbon on dry matter, irrigation quantity increased significantly in dry years the dry weight of corn, no significant effect in wet years; carbon water interaction on the crop index were not significant.3) of greenhouse gas emissions from farmland. The proper application of charcoal can effectively reduce the soil CO2 of corn farmland, and N20 the CH4 season cumulative emissions, thereby reducing the overall warming potential of Maize Soil CH4 and N20 (GWP), and ultimately reduce greenhouse gas emissions intensity (GHGI), more than 40% decline are considered, biochar added is 30t/hm~2 The appropriate biochar application amount of farmland, CO2, N20 and CH4 average season two years cumulative reduction in total emissions of 3016.81,0.46,0.31 kg/hm~2.4 respectively) fertilizer use efficiency and economic benefit. The water carbon coupling significantly increased nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium fertilizer utilization rate and economic benefit, the irrigation limit -25kPa, biochar application amount of 15t/hm~2 and 30t/hm~2 can achieve the great potential of water saving, fertilizer utilization potential and economic benefits of Maize in 2015 and 2016, net income increased 282.2 ~ 4534.7 yuan / ha, 727.42 ~ 3057.44 yuan / ha. To sum up, the amount of biochar under drip irrigation fertilizer and irrigation can effectively improve soil physical and chemical properties, improve the indexes of crop growth, to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, improve soil and fertilizer utilization rate, improve the greenhouse effect, improve economic efficiency, therefore, the amount of biochar and irrigation in Inner Mongolia Regional agricultural economic development and agricultural environmental protection are of great significance. Among them, the lower -25kPa of irrigation and 15t/hm~2 and 30t/hm~2 of biochar can achieve the goal of improving soil quality, increasing maize yield and fixing carbon and reducing emissions.

【學位授予單位】：內(nèi)蒙古農(nóng)業(yè)大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：S275.6

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