本文選題：南極磷蝦　切入點(diǎn)：年齡　出處：《上海海洋大學(xué)》2017年碩士論文

【摘要】：南極磷蝦(Ephuausia superba Dana,下以磷蝦)在南極海洋浮游生物中占據(jù)著至關(guān)重要的地位,主要分布于南極大西洋扇區(qū)。該物種由于其數(shù)量大,豐富的營(yíng)養(yǎng)價(jià)值及作為其它海洋生物主要攝食對(duì)象逐漸引起各國(guó)研究者的關(guān)注。眾所周知,對(duì)于任何一種生物的漁業(yè)或資源管理的研究均需要了解該生物的基本生物學(xué)信息,這通常包括其種群年齡結(jié)構(gòu)、生長(zhǎng)與攝食、自然死亡率及生長(zhǎng)速率等,其中物種的年齡結(jié)構(gòu)是評(píng)估漁業(yè)是否可持續(xù)發(fā)展的重要指標(biāo),也是種群動(dòng)態(tài)模型的重要參數(shù)。磷蝦鑒齡問題一直成為研究者懸而未決的科學(xué)與技術(shù)問題,最近基于眼柄的磷蝦鑒齡工作取得了突破性進(jìn)展,而基于福爾馬林保存的磷蝦樣本所獲取的眼柄鑒齡工作仍未得到有效解決。為此,本研究主要針對(duì)福爾馬林保存的磷蝦眼柄樣本對(duì)其年齡進(jìn)行鑒定,并開展準(zhǔn)確性分析。此外,磷蝦食性研究也較為缺乏,該工作也備受各國(guó)研究者的關(guān)注。作為南大洋中初級(jí)生產(chǎn)者與次級(jí)消費(fèi)者的關(guān)鍵性樞紐,磷蝦是南極其它生物,如企鵝、海豹、鯨、海洋哺乳動(dòng)物以及魚類的主要攝食對(duì)象。考慮到南極較長(zhǎng)的冬季,磷蝦如何度過漫長(zhǎng)的冬季,這也是磷蝦研究的關(guān)鍵性問題,而秋末冬初磷蝦的攝食問題也成為解決該科學(xué)問題的關(guān)鍵步驟。為此,本研究結(jié)合鑒齡結(jié)果,并利用脂肪酸標(biāo)記法與穩(wěn)定同位素兩種生物標(biāo)記法對(duì)該物種的攝食進(jìn)行了研究。本研究主要采用2012年5-6月及2015年5-6月大型拖網(wǎng)漁船“開利”輪調(diào)查收集的5%甲醛溶液浸泡的磷蝦樣本(共104尾,其中67尾雄性個(gè)體,21尾雌性個(gè)體,16尾不辨雌雄個(gè)體)以及2015年4-5月與2016年4-5月大型拖網(wǎng)漁船“龍達(dá)”、“龍騰”及“明開”輪收集的未采用任何試劑而直接冷凍保存的磷蝦樣本(共30尾,其中雄性個(gè)體13尾,雌性個(gè)體15尾,不易辨認(rèn)個(gè)體2尾)。通過Von Bertalanffy生長(zhǎng)方程(VBGF)分別確定體長(zhǎng)與生長(zhǎng)年輪的關(guān)系;通過線性回歸方程分析性成熟度與生長(zhǎng)年輪的相關(guān)性;分析磷蝦樣本以及不同區(qū)域磷蝦樣本年齡分布狀況;采用總吻合率(Total Concordance,TC)、平均百分比誤差(Average Percentage Error,APE)及變異系數(shù)(Coefficient of Variation,CV)三種計(jì)算方式評(píng)判不同讀者讀數(shù)的精確性,并利用SPSS處理軟件分析了不同保存方式的磷蝦年齡的差異性。本研究基于上述2015年4-5月與2016年4-5月大型拖網(wǎng)漁船“龍達(dá)”、“龍騰”及“明開”輪收集的30尾磷蝦樣本,采用脂肪酸標(biāo)記法對(duì)其食性進(jìn)行了研究。并進(jìn)一步對(duì)源于2015年4-5月以及2012年5-6月大型拖網(wǎng)漁船“開利”輪調(diào)查收集的52尾磷蝦樣本,采用同位素標(biāo)記法對(duì)其進(jìn)行了食性研究。通過上述研究,得到如下主要結(jié)論:1)基于眼柄的鑒定:(1)判讀總吻合率(TC)、變異系數(shù)(CV)及平均百分比誤差(APE)的平均值分別為64.43%,7.58%(10%),5.30%。(2)不同區(qū)域磷蝦樣本優(yōu)勢(shì)年齡組不同,對(duì)于南設(shè)得蘭群島水域外側(cè),包括3,4,5齡磷蝦樣本,其中4齡為該區(qū)域磷蝦的優(yōu)勢(shì)年齡組,占該區(qū)域總個(gè)體數(shù)的70.37%;3齡與5齡個(gè)體較少,分別占16.67%,12.96%。布蘭斯菲爾德海峽磷蝦個(gè)體年齡跨度較大,為2,3,4,5齡,3齡個(gè)體占優(yōu)勢(shì),為51.43%,2齡個(gè)體較少,僅占總個(gè)體蝦的10.67%。(3)體長(zhǎng)范圍為29.56~58.89 mm(46.73mm+6.83),與生長(zhǎng)年輪呈現(xiàn)很強(qiáng)的相關(guān)性,生長(zhǎng)曲線方程為L(zhǎng)t=64.57*(1-e-0.38*(t-0.16))。(4)雄性個(gè)體性成熟度與其年輪具有較強(qiáng)的線性相關(guān)性(n=80,P0.0001),同樣雌性個(gè)體性成熟度與其相關(guān)性也較強(qiáng)(n=36,P0.0001)。(5)不同保存方式(直接冷凍保存和5%甲醛溶液浸泡)的磷蝦個(gè)體年齡無顯著性差異(P=0.2380.05)。2)基于脂肪酸分析的磷蝦食性(1)磷蝦體內(nèi)主要脂肪酸為26種,其中C16:0,C14:0,C18:1n9c,C16:1n7,C20:5n3,C22:6n3是其含量較高的6種主要脂肪酸,分別占總脂肪酸含量的21.84%+3.22,8.65%+2.16,10.18%+3.18,4.48%+1.49,18.60%+6.34和14.29%+4.13 mg·g-1。C16:0含量最高,其次為C20:5n3,C22:6n3,且C20:1與C22:1分別占總脂肪酸的1.03%+0.33,0.95%+0.40以及ΣPUFA/ΣSFA結(jié)果均說明,磷蝦個(gè)體會(huì)攝取橈足類,且具有一定的肉食性。但磷蝦體長(zhǎng)與C20:1和C22:1n9分別呈現(xiàn)較強(qiáng)的負(fù)相關(guān)性,與C22:6n3呈現(xiàn)正相關(guān)系,進(jìn)一步說明,即使在浮游藻類數(shù)量減少的秋冬季,磷蝦個(gè)體攝食模式有可能不會(huì)轉(zhuǎn)為攝取大量的異養(yǎng)型高營(yíng)養(yǎng)級(jí)生物,如橈足類,而有可能攝取量較少或攝取營(yíng)養(yǎng)級(jí)稍低的異養(yǎng)鞭毛蟲等。(2)奇數(shù)碳的Σ15+Σ17脂肪酸在本研究中包括C17:0,C15:1n5及C17:1n7,3種脂肪酸約占總脂肪酸的1.28%,說明浮游細(xì)菌也是該區(qū)域秋冬季磷蝦的攝食對(duì)象。(3)不同年齡(2-5齡)下,磷蝦個(gè)體體內(nèi)均含有較高的C14:0,C16:0,C16:1n7,C18:1n9c,C20:5n3,C22:6n3脂肪酸,但含量變化趨勢(shì)有所不同。3)基于穩(wěn)定同位素分析的磷蝦食性(1)磷蝦δ13C和δ15N范圍分別為-30.0‰~-22.4‰(平均為26.3‰+1.66),3.1‰~5.6‰(4.6‰+0.62)。南設(shè)得蘭群島外側(cè)水域和布蘭斯菲爾德海峽兩區(qū)域磷蝦的δ13C、δ15N均與體長(zhǎng)無顯著相關(guān)性。4-5月,磷蝦整體δ13C平均值呈現(xiàn)急速上升趨勢(shì),而5-6月呈緩慢下降趨勢(shì);4-6月份整體δ15N平均值無顯著差異,且呈現(xiàn)逐漸上升的趨勢(shì)。南設(shè)得蘭群島外側(cè)水域整體δ13C、δ15N平均值均高于布蘭斯菲爾德海峽。本研究是國(guó)際上首次利用福爾馬林保存的磷蝦眼柄,通過最新甲殼類動(dòng)物鑒齡技術(shù)——眼柄組織切片,經(jīng)過眼柄的切取、浸泡、包埋、打磨、鏡下觀察及讀取輪紋等實(shí)驗(yàn)步驟,最終得到物種年輪與生長(zhǎng)的關(guān)系,并判讀結(jié)果的精確性。同時(shí),與傳統(tǒng)鑒齡方法作比較,進(jìn)一步說明眼柄組織切片技術(shù)是一種更準(zhǔn)確、直接的鑒齡手段。該工作得到了領(lǐng)域內(nèi)科學(xué)家的高度認(rèn)可和評(píng)價(jià)。本研究結(jié)果為合理開發(fā)與有效評(píng)估磷蝦資源量提供了重要科學(xué)依據(jù),并有利于該物種聲學(xué)評(píng)估研究。磷蝦是南大洋中其他動(dòng)物的主要餌料,占有重要地位。脂類含量提供了有關(guān)生物攝食、發(fā)育、繁殖等大量信息;而碳氮穩(wěn)定同位素比值(δ13C、δ15N)分別指示物種食物的來源及營(yíng)養(yǎng)級(jí)狀況。本研究主要通過脂肪酸標(biāo)記法及同位素標(biāo)記法對(duì)該生物的食性進(jìn)行研究,避免了傳統(tǒng)研究方法對(duì)其食性研究所帶來的可能性影響。本研究有利于該物種攝食的進(jìn)一步研究,并更好地反應(yīng)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的物質(zhì)來源,了解該物種在生態(tài)系統(tǒng)能量流動(dòng)中的作用。
[Abstract]:Antarctic krill (Ephuausia superba Dana, the krill) plays a crucial role in the Antarctic Ocean plankton, mainly distributed in the Antarctic the Atlantic sector. The species because of its large number, rich nutrition and other marine organisms as the main feeding object gradually aroused the attention of researchers. As everyone knows, for the study of any kind biological fishery or resource management requires the understanding of the basic biology of the biological information, which usually includes the population age structure, growth and feeding, natural mortality and growth rate, the species in the age structure is an important index to evaluate whether the fishery sustainable development, it is also an important parameter of population dynamics model. In the age of krill. Has become a science and technology researchers in suspense, the recent work based on the age of krill in the eyestalk has made a breakthrough, and In old Faure Marin has not yet been eyestalk preserved samples obtained by krill has been effectively solved. Therefore, this study focus on the preservation of Faure Marin samples to identify the eyestalk krill age, and carry out accuracy analysis. In addition, krill feeding studies are still lacking, this work has attracted more attentions as a key hub. Primary producers and secondary consumers in the Southern Ocean, the Antarctic krill are other creatures, such as penguins, seals, whales, marine mammals and fish feeding main object. Considering the long winter Antarctic krill, how to spend the long winter, this is also the key problem of the krill feeding problem, but also the late autumn and early winter krill become the key steps to resolve this scientific problem. Therefore, this study combines the results and the use of age discrimination, fatty acid and stable isotope labeling method of two kinds of biological markers Study on the species feeding method. This research mainly uses the 2012 5-6 and 2015 5-6 months of large trawlers "Carrier" round collected 5% Formaldehyde Solution soaked krill samples (104 of which 67 tail tail, 21 males, 16 females, the tail does not distinguish male and female body) and 2015 4-5 July and 2016 4-5 large trawlers "dragon", "dragon" and "Ming" round collection does not use any reagent and direct cryopreservation of krill samples (30 males and 13 tail, the tail, the female 15 tail, is not easy to identify the individual 2 tail). Through the Von Bertalanffy growth equation (VBGF) respectively to determine the relationship between body length and growth rings; through linear regression analysis of the correlation between the maturity and growth rings; analysis of samples and different regional krill krill samples age distribution; the total coincidence rate (Total, Concordance, TC), The average error percentage (Average Percentage, Error, APE) and the coefficient of variation (Coefficient of Variation, CV) the accuracy of three methods to calculate the evaluation of different readers reading, and use the SPSS processing software of different preservation methods of krill age. This study is based on the 2015 4-5 and 2016 4-5 month large trawler as the dragon "," dragon "and" Ming "round of collection of 30 samples using fatty acid tail krill, labeling method was used to study their feeding habits. And further to the source in 2015 4-5 and 2012 5-6 month trawl fishing boat" Carrier "round collected 52 tail krill samples by isotope labeling method the feeding on the research. Through the research, the main conclusions are as follows: 1) based on the identification of eyestalk: (1) the interpretation of total coincidence rate (TC), the coefficient of variation (CV) and the average percentage error (APE) respectively 64.43%, 7.58% (10%), 5.30%. (2) in different regions of different age groups of krill samples, in southern Shetland Islands waters outside, including the 3,4,5 age 4 age of krill samples, advantage age group in the region of krill, the region accounted for 70.37% of the total number of individuals age 3 and age 5; few individuals, respectively. 16.67%, 12.96%. Bransfield Strait, individual krill age span, 2,3,4,5 age, 3 age individual advantage, 51.43%, 2 of individuals aged less, only the total individual shrimp 10.67%. (3) range of body length is 29.56~58.89 mm (46.73mm+6.83), showing a strong correlation with the growth rings, the growth curve of Lt=64.57* (1-e-0.38* (t-0.16)). (4) the male individual maturity and ring with strong linear correlations (n=80, P0.0001), the same female sexual maturity and the correlation is strong (n=36, P0.0001). (5) different preservation methods (direct cryopreservation and 5% Formaldehyde Solution soaked) there was no significant difference in the age of individual krill (P=0.2380.05).2) based on the analysis of fatty acid of krill feeding (1) krill main fatty acids into 26 kinds, including C16:0, C14:0, C18:1n9c, C16:1n7, C20:5n3, C22:6n3 are the 6 major fatty acids, the content is higher, respectively of the total fatty acid content 21.84%+3.22,8.65%+2.16,10.18%+3.18,4.48%+1.49,18.60%+6.34 14.29%+4.13 and Mg g-1.C16:0 were the highest, followed by C20:5n3, C22:6n3, and C20:1 and C22:1 respectively of the total fatty acids 1.03%+0.33,0.95%+0.40 and PUFA/ sigma Sigma SFA results both show that the uptake of copepods of krill, and has to a certain extent. But the carnivorous krill body length and C20:1 and C22:1n9 were negative correlation a strong, positive correlation, and C22:6n3 further explained, even in a reduced number of planktonic algae in autumn and winter, krill may not turn individual feeding mode For higher trophic level organisms ingest large amounts of heterotrophic, such as copepods, and may have less intake or intake level lower. Heterotrophic flagellates (2) of the 17 sigma Sigma 15+ odd carbon fatty acids include C17:0 in this study, C15:1n5 and C17:1n7,3 fatty acids total fatty acids 1.28%, the feeding object in autumn and winter of planktonic bacteria in the region is krill. (3) different age (2-5 years), the individual krill body contain higher C14:0, C16:0, C16:1n7, C18:1n9c, C20:5n3, C22:6n3 fatty acids, but the content changing trend of different.3) based on stable isotope analysis of the krill feeding (1). Delta 13C and Delta 15N ranges were -30.0% ~-22.4% (average 26.3 per thousand +1.66), 3.1 ~5.6 (4.6 +0.62%%%). 8 13C in southern Shetland Islands outside the waters and Plants Field strait two regional krill, Delta 15N were no significant correlation between.4-5 and body length of krill whole month The average value of 13C delta body showing rapid upward trend, while the 5-6 months decreased slowly; 4-6 month overall average 15N value had no significant difference, and increased in southern Shetland Islands. The water areas outside the whole Delta 13C, Delta 15N average value is higher than that of the Bransfield Strait. This research is the first use of formalin preserved krill eyestalk, through the latest in technology -- age crustaceans eyestalk tissue sections after eyestalk excision, soaking, grinding, embedding, microscopic observation and reading lines round the experimental steps, finally obtained the relationship between species and growth rings, accuracy and interpretation of the results. At the same time, compared with the conventional phase old methods, further explains the eyestalk slicing is a more accurate and direct discrimination means age. This work has been highly recognized and evaluated scientists. The results of this study for the reasonable development and effective evaluation Provides an important scientific basis for estimating krill resources, and is conducive to the species acoustic evaluation study. Krill is the main food of other animal in the Southern Ocean, occupies an important position. The lipid content provides information about the biological development, feeding, breeding a lot of information; and the stable carbon and nitrogen isotopic Subige (delta 13C, Delta 15N) respectively, indicating the species source of food and nutrient level. This study mainly through fatty acid labeling and isotope labelling method for feeding the biological research, to avoid the possibility of traditional research methods of the diet of the impact. This research is useful in the further investigation of the species feeding, and better reflects the material source of ecological system the understanding of the role of the species in the ecosystem energy flow.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：上海海洋大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：S917.4

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