本文選題：尖峰嶺　切入點：熱帶山地雨林　出處：《中國林業(yè)科學研究院》2017年碩士論文

【摘要】：物種分布與共存一直是群落生態(tài)學研究的核心內(nèi)容,評估各種環(huán)境因子對物種空間分布與共存的相對貢獻越來越受到重視。本文以海南尖峰嶺60 hm~2熱帶山地雨林原始林動態(tài)監(jiān)測樣地(大樣地)首次調(diào)查數(shù)據(jù)為基礎(chǔ),通過對樣地1500個20 m×20 m樣方的平均海拔、坡度和凹凸度3個地形指標進行C-均值模糊聚類,將大樣地劃分為低海拔溝谷、陡坡、高海拔溝谷、山脊4等種地形類型;分析了不同地形條件下森林群落組成結(jié)構(gòu)、物種多樣性、地上部分生物量等數(shù)量特征的差異性;基于Torus轉(zhuǎn)換檢驗,從多度和生物量兩個方面比較了230種常見物種分布與地形的關(guān)聯(lián)性;并以42種優(yōu)勢冠層喬木物種為對象,初步探討不同生長階段物種分布與地形的關(guān)聯(lián)的變化規(guī)律;以期為進一步揭示熱帶森林物種的分布與共存規(guī)律提供科學依據(jù)。主要研究結(jié)果如下:(1)山脊與陡坡各徑級植株密度都顯著大于低海拔溝谷和高海拔溝谷(P0.05),這與山脊和陡坡較強的光照有關(guān)。山脊與陡坡陽生樹種重要值更大,陰生樹種柏拉木(Blastus cochinchinesis)、變色山檳榔(Pinanga baviensis)由于其耐陰特性出現(xiàn)在低海拔溝谷與高海拔溝谷重要值前10的物種中,但在陡坡和山脊中并未出現(xiàn)。表明光照可能是因地形條件不同而進一步影響尖峰嶺大樣地植物分布的一個關(guān)鍵環(huán)境因子。20 m×20 m樣方尺度上,山脊與陡坡地形的物種豐富度及Shannon-Wienner指數(shù)顯著高于低海拔溝谷和高海拔溝谷(P0.05),但兩類溝谷地形之間、兩類非溝谷地形之間則無顯著差異(P0.05)。從Simpson指數(shù)來看,兩類非溝谷地形顯著大于高海拔溝谷;低海拔溝谷顯著低于其他3類地形(P0.05)。Pielou's均勻度指數(shù)在陡坡中最大,而在低海拔溝谷中最低,兩類非溝谷地形顯著高于兩類溝谷地形(P0.05)。種—面積曲線表明,當取樣面積大于5000 m~2時,隨著取樣面積增加,同等面積條件下,低海拔溝谷的物種數(shù)始終最大,其他3類地形物種數(shù)基本位于陡坡地形估計值的±1.96íSE置信區(qū)間內(nèi),其種—面積曲線無明顯差異;種—個體數(shù)累積曲線表明,隨著取樣個體數(shù)增加,低海拔溝谷物種累積速率最大。大樣地中木本植物層的地上部分生物量、總生物量和碳庫分別為368.8 Mg·hm~(-2)、457.3 Mg·hm~(-2)、228.6 Mg·hm~(-2),表明尖峰嶺熱帶山地雨林具有較高的森林生物量;低海拔溝谷的地上部分生物量(322.3 Mg·hm~(-2))、總生物量(399.5 Mg·hm~(-2))與碳庫(200.0 Mg·hm~(-2))最小;山脊地形中均最大,對應(yīng)為408.5 Mg·hm~(-2)、506.5 Mg·hm~(-2)、253.3 Mg·hm~(-2);山脊與陡坡地上部分生物量、總生物量及碳庫均顯著大于低海拔溝谷和高海拔溝谷(P0.05)。(2)以230種常見種(胸徑不小于1 cm的植株且種群獨立植株數(shù)60)為研究對象,基于Torus轉(zhuǎn)換檢驗,從物種多度這一群落數(shù)量指標來看,90%的物種與地形顯著相關(guān);地形導(dǎo)致的生境異質(zhì)性對物種分布與共存貢獻率為24.5%。從生物量這一數(shù)量指標來看,74.8%的物種與地形顯著相關(guān),地形導(dǎo)致的生境異質(zhì)性對物種分布與共存貢獻率為19.7%�；谖锓N多度和生物量兩個方面,其與地形的顯著相關(guān)的物種數(shù)顯著不同,某地形中多度大的物種并非意味著大的生物量,反之亦然。因此研究環(huán)境因子對物種共存的影響時,應(yīng)從不同角度考慮并進行對比分析。(3)以4類地形中各自生物量排序前30的優(yōu)勢冠層喬木物種(共42種)為對象,從不同生長階段檢驗其與地形的關(guān)聯(lián)性,結(jié)果表明基于多度指標,幼樹、中齡樹和成年樹階段與地形正相關(guān)的物種數(shù)分別為28、34、24,基于生物量指標,對應(yīng)的種數(shù)為28、32、23;基于多度,幼樹階段、中齡樹階段、成年樹階段地形生境異質(zhì)性對42種冠層喬木分布與共存的貢獻分別為23.2%、29.2%、13.1%,基于生物量對應(yīng)值為20.8%、28.0%、11.3%,貢獻率均先增加后減少。幼樹階段物種與某地形的正相關(guān)或負相關(guān)的較大部分能夠保持到中齡樹階段,但只有較少部分能夠保持到成年樹階段,表明物種在不同生長階段的生存策略不同。幼樹至中齡樹階段,受地形條件及相應(yīng)的水熱等環(huán)境因子限制,物種主要受生境過濾的影響,進入成年樹階段,生態(tài)位分化則逐步起主導(dǎo)作用。
[Abstract]:Species distribution and coexistence has been the core contents of ecology, evaluation of various environmental factors on the relative contribution and spatial distribution of species coexistence and more attention. In this paper, 60 hm~2 tropical montane rainforest in Jianfengling of Hainan original forest dynamic plot (sample) first survey data as the foundation, through the average altitude on the sample 1500 a 20 m * 20 m plots, slope and roughness 3 topographic index C- fuzzy c-means clustering, the sample will be divided into low altitude valleys, steep slopes, high altitude ridge Valley, 4 types of terrain; analyzed the structure of forest communities under different terrain conditions, species diversity, different quantitative characteristics aboveground biomass; Torus conversion based on inspection, from the two aspects of abundance and biomass compared 230 common species distribution and the topography of the Association; and 42 species of arbor canopy advantage Like, preliminary to study the changes of related species distribution in different growth stages and terrain; so as to provide scientific basis for exploring the rules of distribution and coexistence of tropical forest species. The main results are as follows: (1) the ridge and slope of each diameter class plant density is significantly greater than the low altitude and high altitude gully Valley (P0.05). This strong and steep ridges and light. Ridges and steep heliophilousis species important values, shade tree species (Blastus cochinchinesis) Blastus, areca (Pinanga baviensis) discoloration due to its shade tolerance characteristics appear in low altitude and high altitude gully gully important value of 10 species, but did not appear in the the steep slope and ridge. The results showed that light may be due to different terrain conditions and further affect the distribution of several plants in a key environmental factor.20 m * 20 m scale, ridges and steep terrain. Species richness and Shannon-Wienner index were significantly higher than those of low altitude and high altitude gully Valley (P0.05), but two kinds of valley terrain between between the two types of non valley terrain showed no significant difference (P0.05). From the Simpson index, two kinds of non valley terrain was significantly greater than that in high altitude valleys; low altitude valley was significantly lower than that of the other 3 types of terrain (P0.05).Pielou's evenness index maximum on steep slopes, and in the low altitude Valley in the lowest, two non valley terrain was significantly higher than that of two kinds of valley terrain (P0.05). The species area curve shows that, when the sampling area is more than 5000 m~2, with the increasing sampling area, the condition of the same area, the low altitude valley. The species are always the biggest, the other 3 types of terrain species basically located in steep terrain to estimate the value of + 1.96 SE confidence interval, the species area curve had no significant difference; a cumulative number of individual curves show that with the sample number 澧炲姞,浣庢搗鎷旀矡璋風墿縐嶇瘡縐，

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