本文選題：稻蝦共作　切入點(diǎn)：小龍蝦　出處：《華中農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)》2017年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：稻蝦共作(RC)是應(yīng)用食物鏈理論、生態(tài)位理論和種間互利共生理論,將水稻種植和小龍蝦養(yǎng)殖有機(jī)結(jié)合的新型生態(tài)農(nóng)業(yè)模式。RC充分利用稻田光、熱、水及生物資源,具有很好的社會(huì)、經(jīng)濟(jì)和生態(tài)效益,應(yīng)用前景廣闊。RC生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中,水稻為小龍蝦提供庇護(hù)場所、合適的水溫、氧氣和食物,小龍蝦通過取食稻田蟲子和雜草,減輕稻田蟲害和草害,減少了除草劑、殺蟲劑等農(nóng)藥的使用。為了明確稻蝦共作對(duì)稻田二化螟為害的影響,探明稻蝦共作對(duì)稻田昆蟲多樣性和稻田植物多樣性的影響,本研究通過設(shè)置大田小區(qū)試驗(yàn)和調(diào)查試驗(yàn)進(jìn)行研究。大田小區(qū)試驗(yàn)于2015年、2016年兩年在湖北省潛江市后湖農(nóng)場軍墾隊(duì)進(jìn)行;調(diào)查試驗(yàn)于2015年在潛江市白鷺湖農(nóng)場研究常規(guī)稻作(CK)和不同RC年限(RC1、RC2、RC3、RC4、RC9)對(duì)稻田昆蟲多樣性和植物多樣性的影響,于2016年在后湖農(nóng)場調(diào)查不同RC年限(CK、RC1、RC2、RC5、RC10)對(duì)稻田昆蟲多樣性的影響;同時(shí)2015年、2016年在潛江市后湖農(nóng)場、白鷺湖農(nóng)場、積玉口鎮(zhèn)調(diào)查RC對(duì)稻田二化螟為害的影響。取得的主要研究結(jié)果如下:(1)稻蝦共作對(duì)稻田二化螟為害的影響分析表明:RC模式經(jīng)過冬、春兩季田面覆水極顯著降低稻田二化螟幼蟲越冬基數(shù),減少第二年稻田內(nèi)二化螟蟲源,從而影響后期二化螟世代的發(fā)生為害。對(duì)比CK稻田,RC稻田越冬代二化螟幼蟲減少100%,第二代二化螟幼蟲減少46.6%,第三代二化螟幼蟲減少71.8%,枯心率減少31.0%,二化螟蛾高峰期晚10天,說明RC顯著減輕稻田二化螟的危害,推遲二化螟的發(fā)育進(jìn)度。(2)稻蝦共作對(duì)稻田昆蟲多樣性的影響分析表明:大田試驗(yàn)顯示經(jīng)過一年完整的RC模式后,稻田昆蟲總數(shù)下降41.0%,其中植食性昆蟲下降42.5%,捕食性昆蟲下降47.0%,中性昆蟲下降37.7%,寄生性昆蟲下降57.1%。調(diào)查數(shù)據(jù)表明RC稻田各類昆蟲數(shù)量隨稻蝦共作年限越長呈先減少后增加的趨勢。2016年調(diào)查數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)果顯示稻蝦共作1年限(RC1)昆蟲數(shù)量最少,2015年調(diào)查數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)果顯示稻蝦共作2年限(RC2)昆蟲數(shù)量最少;雖然RC年限越長植食性害蟲增加,但捕食性天敵相應(yīng)也增加,因此整體蟲害不會(huì)加重。(3)稻蝦共作對(duì)稻田植物多樣性的影響分析表明:大田試驗(yàn)顯示經(jīng)過一年完整的RC模式后,稻田田內(nèi)和田埂雜草種類、個(gè)體數(shù)和蓋度都極顯著下降,田內(nèi)雜草種類、個(gè)體數(shù)和蓋度分別下降54.5%、50.5%和62.6%,田埂雜草種類、個(gè)體數(shù)和蓋度分別下降33.3%、50.6%和28.4%。2015年調(diào)查試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)的分析結(jié)果為:植物多樣性隨RC年限越長呈先降后升的趨勢,RC4時(shí)稻田雜草種類和數(shù)量均最少。結(jié)合大田數(shù)據(jù)和調(diào)查數(shù)據(jù)表明:RC改變了稻田雜草優(yōu)勢種,影響稻田植物多樣性�？傊�,對(duì)比常規(guī)稻田,稻蝦共作能顯著減輕稻田二化螟的危害,改變稻田雜草和昆蟲的組成及結(jié)構(gòu),雜草和昆蟲多樣性隨稻蝦共作年限越長表現(xiàn)為先增加后減少的趨勢。
[Abstract]:Rice shrimp co-cropping (RCC) is a new ecological agricultural model, which combines rice planting with crayfish culture by using food chain theory, niche theory and symbiosis theory. RC makes full use of light, heat, water and biological resources in paddy fields. Good social, economic and ecological benefits. In the promising ecosystem of .RC, rice provides shelter for crayfish, suitable water temperature, oxygen and food, and crayfish feeds on insects and weeds in rice fields. In order to clarify the effect of rice shrimp co-cropping on rice borer, the effects of rice shrimp co-cropping on insect diversity and plant diversity in rice field were investigated. This study was carried out by setting up field plot test and investigation test. The field plot test was carried out on 2015 and 2016 in Houhu Farm military Reclamation team of Qianjiang City Hubei Province. A study was conducted on the effects of conventional rice (CK) and RC _ (1) and RC _ (1) on insect diversity and plant diversity in rice field on 2015 in Qianjiang, Qianjiang City. In 2016, the effects of RC ~ (1) C _ (1) and RC _ (2) C _ (2) C _ (5) RC10) on insect diversity in rice field were investigated at Huihu Farm. Meanwhile, on 2015 and 2016, at the Houhu Farm, Bailu Lake Farm, Qianjiang City, The main results are as follows: 1) the effect of rice shrimp co-cropping on the damage of rice field Chilo suppressalis was analyzed. The overwintering cardinal number of Chilo suppressalis larvae and the source of Chilo suppressalis larvae in rice field in the second year were significantly decreased by surface water cover in spring. Compared with CK rice field, the larva of overwintering generation of Chilo suppressalis decreased by 100, the second generation decreased by 46.6, the third generation decreased by 71.8, the heart rate decreased by 31.0 and the peak period of Chilo suppressalis decreased by 10 days. The results showed that RC significantly alleviated the damage of rice borer, and delayed the development of rice borer. 2) the effect of rice shrimp co-cropping on insect diversity in rice field showed that after one year's intact RC model, the results of field experiment showed that: 1. The total number of insects in rice field decreased by 41.0%, and the number of insects in rice field decreased by 42.5%, that of predatory insects by 47.0%, neutral insects by 37.7% and parasitic insects by 57.1%. The investigation data showed that the number of all kinds of insects in RC paddy field decreased first with the length of the common cropping years of rice shrimps. The survey data of 2016 showed that the number of RC1) was the lowest, and that of RC2 was the least in 2015. Although the length of RC increased, the predatory natural enemy increased accordingly, so the whole pest did not increase. 3) the effect of rice shrimp co-cropping on plant diversity in paddy field showed that the field experiment showed that after a year of intact RC model, The species, individual number and coverage of weeds in paddy field and ridge decreased significantly, and the species, individual number and coverage of weeds decreased by 54.555% and 62.6%, respectively. The species of weeds in the ridge of the field decreased by 54.5% and 62.6%, respectively. The number of individuals and coverage decreased by 33.3%, 50.6% and 28.4.2015, respectively. The results showed that plant diversity decreased first and then increased with the increase of RC years. The species and quantity of weeds in paddy field were the least when the number of individuals and coverage decreased 33.3% and 28.4.2015, respectively, combined with field data and investigation. The data show that: RC has changed the dominant species of weeds in rice fields. In a word, compared with conventional rice field, rice shrimp co-cropping can significantly reduce the damage of rice borer, change the composition and structure of weeds and insects in rice field. The diversity of weeds and insects increased first and then decreased with the cocropping years of rice shrimp.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：華中農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：S435.11;S966.12

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