本文關鍵詞： 微咸水 膜下滴灌 土壤水鹽分布 西葫蘆 水鹽生產函數(shù)　出處：《太原理工大學》2017年碩士論文　論文類型：學位論文

【摘要】：水是生命之源,萬物之本,是人類生存與發(fā)展不可或缺的重要資源之一。目前,隨著我國社會和經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展,淡水資源短缺的問題日益突出,已成為制約我國經(jīng)濟和社會可持續(xù)發(fā)展的瓶頸。膜下滴灌與微咸水灌溉相結合的灌溉新方法能有效緩解我國淡水資源的供需矛盾。進行不同礦化度與灌水上下限處理,探究適宜的水鹽水平是保證西葫蘆高產的重要的基礎。為此,本文采用田間試驗與理論分析相結合的研究方法,對膜下滴灌條件下不同灌溉水礦化度和水鹽耦合對土壤水鹽分布及西葫蘆生長的影響進行了研究。不同灌溉水礦化度對西葫蘆生長影響研究的控制因子為灌溉水礦化度,設置了三個水平,分別為1.7、3.5和5.1g/L,在西葫蘆整個生育期,灌水量通過灌水上下限控制,灌水上限為田間持水率的90%,灌水下限為田間持水率的70%。具體研究成果如下:(1)不同礦化度處理的灌前土壤含水率垂向分布規(guī)律一致,均隨土層深度的增大而增大,灌后的土壤含水率大致呈現(xiàn)橢圓形分布,滴頭正下方土壤含水率最高,距離滴頭越遠,含水率越低。不同礦化度處理后的濕潤體范圍和含水率大小不同,當?shù)V化度越高時,濕潤體越窄深,土壤含水率越高。三種礦化度處理下的土體平均含水率隨時間呈現(xiàn)波浪狀的變化趨勢,在20~50cm深度范圍,三者的數(shù)值大小表現(xiàn)為:5.1 g/L3.5 g/L1.7 g/L。(2)不同礦化度處理的灌前土壤鹽分垂向分布規(guī)律一致,均隨土壤深度的增加而減小,三種處理下鹽分大小及分布特征基本接近。灌后的土壤鹽分呈現(xiàn)橢球型分布,距離滴頭位置越遠,土壤鹽分越大。三種處理的灌后鹽分數(shù)值大小表現(xiàn)為:5.1g/l3.5g/l1.7g/l。通過膜下滴灌能夠使土壤表層鹽分淋洗,進入深層土壤,并遠離根系集中區(qū)。在全生育期結束后,在滴頭下方,三種礦化度處理下的土壤鹽分隨深度呈現(xiàn)逐漸減小的變化趨勢。1.7g/l處理積鹽區(qū)主要集中在20~30cm土層,3.5g/l和5.1g/l處理的積鹽區(qū)主要集中在20~40cm土層。(3)不同灌水礦化度處理后的西葫蘆出苗率、株高、葉面積指數(shù)、根部鮮重、冠部鮮重、根冠比具有相同的動態(tài)變化趨勢。不同礦化度處理下的出苗率和株高均隨時間呈現(xiàn)先快速增大,然后逐漸趨于穩(wěn)定的變化趨勢,而葉面積指數(shù)呈現(xiàn)先逐漸增大然后逐漸減小的變化趨勢。不同礦化度處理下的根部鮮重和冠不鮮重隨時間呈現(xiàn)逐漸增大的變化趨勢,而根冠比呈現(xiàn)逐漸減小的變化趨勢。不同礦化度處理下的出苗率和葉面積指數(shù)大小表現(xiàn)為:1.7g/l3.5g/l5.1g/l。經(jīng)1.7g/l和3.5g/l處理后的株高大小基本接近,并明顯大于5.1g/l處理。不同礦化度處理下的根冠比大小表現(xiàn)為:5.1g/l3.5g/l1.7g/l。膜下滴灌水鹽耦合對西葫蘆生長影響研究設置了4個因素,其中3個因素是西葫蘆的生育階段,分別為:幼苗期、抽蔓期、開花結果期,西葫蘆的3個生育期分別設置了3個水分水平,灌水上下限分別70%~90%、60%~80%、50%~70%,另外1個因素是水質因素,設置了3個灌水礦化度水平,分別為1.7、3.5和5.1g/l,采用正交試驗設計,共9個處理(t1~t9)。具體研究成果如下:(1)不同水鹽耦合處理下的土壤平均含水率隨時間具有相同的變化趨勢,均具有鋸齒狀的波動變化特征。不同水鹽耦合條件下的土壤鹽分均值隨時間具有相同的變化趨勢,在1.7g/l和3.5g/l處理下,呈現(xiàn)逐漸減小的變化趨勢,但在5.1g/l下,呈現(xiàn)逐漸增大的變化趨勢。灌水上下限和灌水礦化度越高時,土壤平均含水率越高。灌溉水礦化度越大,土壤平均鹽分越大。灌水上下限對土壤鹽分大小無顯著影響。(2)不同水鹽耦合條件下的株高和葉面積指數(shù)隨時間具有相同的變化趨勢,株高呈現(xiàn)逐漸增大然后趨于穩(wěn)定的變化趨勢,葉面積指數(shù)呈現(xiàn)先逐漸增大然后逐漸減小的變化趨勢。土壤中控制的含水率越大,礦化度越小時,西葫蘆株高和葉面積指數(shù)越大。(3)不同水鹽耦合條件下的作物耗水量隨時間呈現(xiàn)逐漸增大的變化趨勢,即幼苗期抽蔓期開花結果期。隨著灌溉水礦化度的提高,西葫蘆的耗水量逐漸減小。西葫蘆產量從大到小依次為:t2處理t1處理t5處理t6處理t9處理t7處理t8處理t4處理t3處理。西葫蘆產量隨灌溉水礦化度增大呈現(xiàn)逐漸減小的變化趨勢。最優(yōu)水鹽耦合灌溉方案為:礦化度為1.7g/l,幼苗期70%~90%、抽蔓期60%~80%、開花結果期60%~80%。膜下微咸水滴灌條件下西葫蘆總產量和總耗水量兩者間符合二次拋物線關系,以此估算出最佳耗水量為296mm。(4)在試驗的基礎上用修正后的jensen模型建立了西葫蘆的水鹽生產函數(shù)模型,得出水分敏感指數(shù)λ大小表現(xiàn)為:開花結果期抽蔓期幼苗期,鹽分敏感指數(shù)σ大小表現(xiàn)為:幼苗期抽蔓期開花結果期,并采用實測數(shù)據(jù)對模型進行驗證,結果表明模型具有較高的模擬精度,可用于西葫蘆產量的預測。
[Abstract]:Water is the Source of Life, all of this, is one of the important resources for human survival and development. At present, as China's social and economic development, shortage of water resources has become increasingly prominent, has become a bottleneck restricting the sustainable development of China's economy and society. The contradiction between supply and demand of the new method of irrigation under film drip irrigation combination with brackish water irrigation can effectively alleviate water resources in our country. The different salinity and irrigation limits, explore the suitable level of salt water is to ensure high yield of Zucchini important basis. Therefore, the field experiment and theory analysis, the drip irrigation under different irrigation the water salinity and water salt coupling are carried out to study the effects on soil water salt distribution and growth of pumpkin. Different irrigation water salinity on the growth of pumpkin as the controlling factors on the effect of irrigation water salinity. The three level, respectively 1.7,3.5 and 5.1g/L in pumpkin during the whole growth period, the amount of irrigation by controlling the lower limit of irrigation, irrigation maximum field capacity 90%, irrigation threshold was 70%. water rate the results of specific studies are as follows: (1) the different degree of mineralization of soil water content before irrigation treatment the vertical distribution of favorable, increased with soil depth increasing, soil water irrigation rate of roughly elliptical distribution, drippers of soil moisture is highest, farther away from the emitter, the lower water content. Different degree of mineralization after wetting range and water content of different sizes, when mine the degree is higher, the more narrow wetting depth, soil moisture content is higher. Three kinds of soil salinity under the average moisture content of the time with a wavy trend, in the depth of 20~50cm, three numerical size is: 5.1 g/L3.5 g/L1.7 g/L. (2) of different ore The degree of treatment before irrigation soil salinity vertical distribution were consistent, decreased with the increase of soil depth, the three treatment the size and distribution of Salinity Characteristics basically. Soil salinity after irrigation showed elliptical distribution, farther away from the emitter, soil salinity is greater. Three kinds of treatment after irrigation of salt the numerical size is as follows: 5.1g/l3.5g/l1.7g/l. by drip irrigation can make the soil surface salt leaching, deep into the soil, and away from the root zone. During the whole growth period after the end, under the dripper, three salinity treatment under soil salinity with depth showed a gradual decrease trend of.1.7g/l processing mainly concentrated in the salt accumulation zone. The depth of 20~30cm, 3.5g/l and 5.1g/l of the salt accumulation zone mainly concentrated in the 20~40cm soil layer. (3) different water salinity treated squash germination rate, plant height, leaf area index, root fresh weight, fresh weight of shoot, root shoot ratio Has the same change trend. Different degree of mineralization under the treatment of germination rate and plant height with time showed the first increase quickly, and then gradually tends to be stable, and the leaf area index showed a trend of first increase and then decrease gradually. The different degree of mineralization under the fresh weight of root fresh weight over time is not Wacom show the increasing trend, and the trend of root shoot ratio showed a gradual decrease. Under different salinities germination rate and leaf area index size is: 1.7g/l3.5g/l5.1g/l. the size height 1.7g/l and 3.5g/l after treatment were close, and was significantly higher than that of 5.1g/l. Different degree of mineralization under the root shoot ratio for size 5.1g/l3.5g/l1.7g/l.: drip irrigation water salt coupling on the growth of pumpkin effect on the set of 4 factors, the 3 factor is the growth stage of summer squash were: Seedling , vining stage, flowering stage, 3 stages of summer squash were set up 3 water level, irrigation limits were 70%~90%, 60%~80%, 50%~70%, the other 1 factors are water quality factors, set up 3 water salinity levels were 1.7,3.5 and 5.1g/l, using orthogonal design, a total of 9 treatment (t1~t9). The results are as follows: (1) the soil water and salt under different coupling average moisture content has the same trend with time, fluctuation characteristics are jagged. Different coupling between water and salt under the condition of mean soil salinity with time have the same trend, in 1.7g/l and 3.5g/l next, decreases gradually, but in the 5.1g/l, show the increasing trend. On the lower limit and the irrigation water salinity is higher, the average soil water content is higher. The average salinity of irrigation water, soil salinity irrigation is greater. On the lower limit of soil salinity had no significant effect on size. (2) the different coupling between water and salt under the condition of plant height and leaf area index has the same trend with time, plant height increases and then tends to be stable, the leaf area index showed the first increases and then decreases. The change trend of soil moisture control the rate is bigger and the degree of mineralization is smaller, the squash plant height and leaf area index is larger. (3) the different coupling between water and salt under the condition of crop water consumption gradually increased with time, the seedling vine flowering stage. With the increasing salinity of irrigation water, the water consumption of summer squash decreased gradually. The yield of pumpkin from large to small is as follows: T2 T1 T5 T6 T9 with T7 T8 T4 T3 treatment. The yield of pumpkin with irrigation water salinity increased gradually decrease trend. The optimal Water and salt coupling irrigation scheme: salinity is 1.7g/l, seedling 70%~90%, vine 60%~80%, the flowering stage of 60%~80%. film under drip irrigation with saline water under the condition of squash total yield and total water consumption between the two with two parabolic relationship, in order to estimate the optimal water consumption is 296mm. (4) established the water salt production the function model of summer squash with the modified Jensen model on the basis of the experiment, the water sensitive index is as follows: fruiting size of vine seedlings, a salt sensitive index size performance: Seedling vine flowering stage, and the use of the model was validated with measured data, the results show that the simulation accuracy of the model is high, can be used to predict the yield of pumpkin.

【學位授予單位】：太原理工大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：S275.6;S642.6

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