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  本文關(guān)鍵詞：健康對中老年人非農(nóng)勞動參與及工資率的影響研究　出處：《對外經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易大學(xué)》2017年博士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

  更多相關(guān)文章： 健康 中老年人 非農(nóng)勞動參與 非農(nóng)勞動時(shí)間 非農(nóng)勞動工資率

【摘要】：評價(jià)某地域文明時(shí),公民的健康素養(yǎng)的重要性已經(jīng)超越單純的人口數(shù)量,健康已經(jīng)是衡量社會文明發(fā)展程度的重要指標(biāo),同時(shí)健康也會對社會經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展有著重要影響。中老年人是勞動力市場中的中堅(jiān)力量,對社會經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展穩(wěn)定有著非常重要的作用,但其健康狀況卻長期被社會關(guān)注不足。改革開放以來,我國社會經(jīng)濟(jì)已經(jīng)有了深刻變革,公民所能享受到的醫(yī)療健康服務(wù)水平也有了長足進(jìn)步,我國公民的平均壽命也有了穩(wěn)步增長。與此同時(shí),被定為國策的計(jì)劃生育政策得到了較為嚴(yán)格的執(zhí)行,在兩種因素疊加之下,我國社會提前進(jìn)入老齡化階段,并且老齡化的速度超過預(yù)期。我國的勞動力市場此時(shí)也悄然發(fā)生了變化,從改革開放初期勞動力的無限供給向有限供給轉(zhuǎn)向,并于2004年出現(xiàn)了劉易斯轉(zhuǎn)折點(diǎn),與此同時(shí),我國的社保資金缺口問題也日趨嚴(yán)重。在應(yīng)對我國社會經(jīng)濟(jì)出現(xiàn)的新問題時(shí),除了增加勞動力數(shù)量供給的“全面放開二孩”政策之外,挖掘現(xiàn)有勞動市場中勞動者的工作潛能也是一個(gè)重要方向,例如適度延遲退休年齡、提高現(xiàn)有勞動力市場中勞動者的效率等政策。在制定延遲退休政策之前,需要考察我國當(dāng)前中老年人勞動者是否具有健康資本足以支撐延遲退休,以及健康對我國中老年人的非農(nóng)勞動參與、非農(nóng)勞動參與時(shí)間、非農(nóng)勞動工資率等方面的影響。因此,本文主要探究了三個(gè)問題,分別為:健康對中老年人非農(nóng)勞動參與的影響、健康對中老年人非農(nóng)勞動參與時(shí)間的影響、健康對中老年人非農(nóng)勞動工資率的影響。為了研究這些問題,本文從理論基礎(chǔ)及文獻(xiàn)綜述中歸納已有的學(xué)者研究成果,并以此為借鑒展開本文的理論分析框架和健康指標(biāo)的構(gòu)建。完成基礎(chǔ)準(zhǔn)備工作后,本文選取2011年、2013年“中國健康與養(yǎng)老追蹤”調(diào)查數(shù)據(jù)庫(China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study,CHARLS),建立計(jì)量模型,研究了健康對中老年人非農(nóng)勞動參與、非農(nóng)勞動參與時(shí)間、非農(nóng)勞動工資率的影響情況。論文考慮了個(gè)人的健康生產(chǎn)函數(shù)、勞動需求市場上企業(yè)利潤最大化以及個(gè)人在勞動時(shí)間配置方面的效應(yīng)最大化的均衡分析,從理論上分析了健康對勞動參與、勞動時(shí)間以及非農(nóng)勞動工資率的影響。健康指標(biāo)的構(gòu)建是本文的一個(gè)重點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn),本文對健康的內(nèi)涵以及研究現(xiàn)狀進(jìn)行了系統(tǒng)的總結(jié),以此為基礎(chǔ),構(gòu)建了較為全面的健康指標(biāo)體系,健康的代理指標(biāo)包括總體健康指標(biāo)、生理健康指標(biāo)以及心理健康指標(biāo)。其中總體健康指標(biāo)以自評健康狀況來表征,生理健康的二級指標(biāo)包括急性生理健康沖擊、慢性生理健康沖擊、基本日常活動能力障礙、工具性日常活動能力障礙;心理健康指標(biāo)采用國際上經(jīng)典的心理健康抑郁量表(Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale)來衡量。至此,理論分析基礎(chǔ)及健康指標(biāo)的確定為后續(xù)本文的實(shí)證研究奠定了基礎(chǔ)。實(shí)證方面本文得出了如下結(jié)論:首先是健康對中老年人是否非農(nóng)勞動參與的影響,本文的分析主體包括城鎮(zhèn)及農(nóng)村中老年人,而城鎮(zhèn)退休年齡是其中一個(gè)影響中老年勞動參與的重要因素,同時(shí)考慮到健康對男性及女性中老年人勞動參的差異性,因此本文在城鎮(zhèn)和農(nóng)村框架下又嵌入了年齡及性別因素,對樣本做了較詳細(xì)的分類,得出了如下的實(shí)證結(jié)論:1.從總體及分戶籍樣本結(jié)果可以看出,總體健康指標(biāo)、生理健康指標(biāo)、心理健康指標(biāo)對全體樣本、城鎮(zhèn)樣本及農(nóng)村樣本都有顯著性的影響。同時(shí),實(shí)證結(jié)果也證實(shí)了性別、年齡、教育、戶籍對非農(nóng)勞動參與的顯著性影響。2.分年齡分性別樣本結(jié)果顯示,自評健康狀況、生理健康指標(biāo)、心理健康指標(biāo)對45-59歲城鎮(zhèn)及農(nóng)村男性以及45-54歲城鎮(zhèn)及農(nóng)村女性的非農(nóng)勞動參與概率都有顯著負(fù)向影響,并且,對女性的影響效應(yīng)大于男性。不管是自評健康狀況,還是生理健康、心理健康指標(biāo)對達(dá)到退休年后的城鎮(zhèn)群體,即城鎮(zhèn)60-65歲男性群體以及55-65歲女性群體都無顯著性的影響,而在農(nóng)村樣本中健康對農(nóng)村男性60-65歲群體非農(nóng)勞動參與的影響效應(yīng)大于農(nóng)村45-59歲男性群體,健康對女性55-65歲群體非農(nóng)勞動參與的影響效應(yīng)大于45-54歲女性群體。其次是健康對中老年人勞動參與時(shí)間的影響。1.從總體及分戶籍樣本結(jié)果可以看出,自評健康指標(biāo)、生理健康指標(biāo)、心理健康指標(biāo)對全體樣本、城鎮(zhèn)樣本及農(nóng)村樣本都有顯著性的影響。除了心理健康沖擊指標(biāo)對農(nóng)村及城鎮(zhèn)的影響效應(yīng)基本相近外,其他健康指標(biāo)對城鎮(zhèn)的影響效均應(yīng)大于農(nóng)村。2.在對樣本分性別分年齡的進(jìn)一步分析中發(fā)現(xiàn),健康對45-59歲城鎮(zhèn)男性的非農(nóng)勞動時(shí)間的影響大于45-59歲農(nóng)村男性以及60-65歲農(nóng)村男性的影響。而健康對45-54歲城鎮(zhèn)女性的非農(nóng)勞動時(shí)間的影響大于45-54歲農(nóng)村女性以及55-65歲農(nóng)村女性群體的影響。各個(gè)健康指標(biāo)對達(dá)到退休年齡后的城鎮(zhèn)中老年人都無顯著性的影響,即對60-65歲男性群體以及55-65歲女性群體無顯著性的影響。而農(nóng)村樣本中,即使達(dá)到了退休年齡,健康對農(nóng)村60-65歲男性群體以及55-65歲女性群體的非農(nóng)勞動參與時(shí)間都有顯著性的影響,且影響效應(yīng)大于退休年齡前相應(yīng)的群體。不論總體還是分戶籍樣本,在各個(gè)影響效應(yīng)中,健康對女性群體的影響效應(yīng)大于相應(yīng)的男性群體。最后是健康對中老年人受雇群體工資率的影響。在總體樣本中,各個(gè)健康變量對中老年受雇群體的工資率都有顯著性的影響,生理健康指標(biāo)對工資率的影響效應(yīng)要大于心理健康,城市戶籍相對農(nóng)村戶籍在就業(yè)機(jī)會和勞動報(bào)酬方面都有明顯的優(yōu)勢。性別對中老年人受雇群體的工資率具有顯著正向影響,這說明我國勞動力市場上存在著較為明顯的性別工資差異現(xiàn)象。分城鎮(zhèn)及農(nóng)村的樣本回歸中,各個(gè)健康變量對農(nóng)村中老年人的工資率具有顯著影響,且和總體樣本一樣,生理健康對工資率的影響要大于心理健康,而各類健康指標(biāo)對城鎮(zhèn)中老年人受雇群體工資率的影響不顯著,性別對農(nóng)村中老人的工資率的影響效應(yīng)大于城鎮(zhèn)。分男性及女性的樣本回歸中,各個(gè)健康變量對男性中老年人的工資率都有顯著性的影響,對男性的影響效應(yīng)大于女性。且心理健康對工資率的影響效應(yīng)要小于生理健康,戶籍對男性及女性工資率的影響都具有顯著作用。分位數(shù)的回歸結(jié)果顯示,整體上來看,生理健康指標(biāo)以及心理健康指標(biāo)對低分位數(shù)的工資率的影響效應(yīng)大于高分位數(shù)工資率的影響,說明健康的改善對提高低工資率水平的中老年人工資率的增長有非常重要的影響。根據(jù)本文的實(shí)證結(jié)果,給出了對策建議。首先為改善現(xiàn)有勞動者的勞動質(zhì)量,提高我國中老年人多維度的健康水平。我國勞動者健康水平的提高已經(jīng)從滿足溫飽營養(yǎng)需求,改為了營養(yǎng)均衡、合理膳食的較高的需求階段。在重視急性疾病的防治基礎(chǔ)上,慢性疾病的危害需要受到重視和強(qiáng)化防治,而傳統(tǒng)意義上的生理健康問題在得到一定程度的改善后,心理健康逐漸需得到重視。其次,改善我國當(dāng)前勞動市場中所存在的不平等問題。我國勞動力市場中存在的不平等問題主要包括性別不平等、戶籍不平等、職業(yè)收入不平等。其中保障女性權(quán)利方面,傳統(tǒng)以延長產(chǎn)假等政策方式不僅未能保護(hù)女性就業(yè),反而進(jìn)一步加劇了女性初次就業(yè)時(shí)的歧視現(xiàn)象,可以考慮從公務(wù)員、事業(yè)單位等國家服務(wù)機(jī)關(guān)的招聘用人向女性就業(yè)傾斜,同時(shí)重點(diǎn)保障女童接受教育權(quán)利。繼續(xù)穩(wěn)步推進(jìn)戶籍改革,改革當(dāng)前附加于戶籍之上的社會福利政策現(xiàn)狀。最后,健全的法律對勞動市場中參與者的公平保護(hù)。我國當(dāng)前《勞動法》及實(shí)踐中并不將退休后再就業(yè)行為納入保護(hù)范圍,可以研究便捷有效的司法保護(hù)形勢,保障低齡退休老人再就業(yè)過程中的合法權(quán)益。
[Abstract]:Evaluation of a regional civilization, the importance of citizen health literacy beyond simple population, health has been an important indicator of social civilization development degree, and health will also have an important influence on the social and economic development. In the elderly is the backbone in the labor market, on the social and economic development is very stable an important role, but the health of society has long been insufficient attention. Since the reform and opening up, China's economy has a profound reform, medical and health service level of citizens can enjoy the have made great progress, the average life of Chinese citizens has been growing steadily. At the same time, was designated as the national policy the family planning policy has been strictly enforced under the superposition of two factors, our society has entered the aging stage ahead of time, and the rate of aging in our country's labor more than expected. The market is also quietly changed, turning from an unlimited supply of labor at the beginning of reform and opening up to the limited supply, and in 2004 the Lewis turning point, at the same time, the social security fund gap problem in China is becoming more and more serious. In response to new problems in the social economy of our country appears, in addition to increasing the number of "full supply of labor release the two child" policy, the existing mining workers in the labor market potential is an important direction, such as moderate delay retirement age, improve the existing workers in the labor market efficiency policy. Before formulating a delay retirement policy, to study China's current elderly workers have health capital to support delay retirement, as well as the health of the elderly in our non-agricultural labor participation, non-agricultural labor participation time, affecting the non-agricultural labor wage rate and so on. Because of For this, this paper mainly explores three problems, respectively: health effects on the elderly to participate in non-agricultural labor, health effects on the elderly to participate in non-agricultural labor time, health effects on the elderly non-agricultural labor wage rate. In order to study these problems, this paper from the theoretical basis and literature review of existing the research results of scholars, and based on this, this paper constructs the theoretical analysis framework and health indicators. To complete the preparatory work, the paper selected from 2011, 2013 China health and pension tracking survey database (China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study, CHARLS), established the econometric model of health on non-agricultural labor participation the elderly, non-agricultural labor participation time, influence of non-agricultural labor wage rate. Considering the health production function of individual labor market demand, maximum profit Equilibrium analysis and effect in individual labor time allocation of the maximum, from the theoretical analysis of the health of the labor force participation, labor time and non-agricultural labor wage rate. Construction of health indicators is an important and difficult point of this paper, this paper summarize the connotation of health and research status, this as the basis, establish the health index system comprehensively, agent health index including general health indicators, physical health and mental health indicators. The indicators of overall health indicators on self-rated health status characterized by physical health level two indexes including the acute physiology health impact of chronic physical health impact, basic daily activities obstacles instrumental activities of daily living disorder; mental health indicators used in the international mental health Depression Scale (Center for classic Epidemiologic Studies Depressi On Scale) to measure. Thus, determine the theoretical basis and measures of health laid the foundation for the subsequent empirical research in this paper. We draw the following conclusion: the first is the health of the elderly affect non-agricultural labor participation, the main part of analysis including urban and rural elderly people, while the urban retirement age is one of the important factors of elderly labor participation a effect, taking into account the differences of the health of the male and female elderly labor participation, so this paper in the urban and rural areas under the framework and embedded in the age and gender factors, the samples were classified in detail, the empirical results are as follows: 1. from the overall sample and the household registration results can be seen, the overall health indicators, physical health indicators, mental health index of all samples have significant influence of urban and rural sample sample. At the same time, empirical The results also confirmed that the gender, age, education, household to significantly affect non-agricultural labor participation of.2. in different age gender sample showed, self-rated health, physical health indicators, mental health indicators of 45-59 years old urban and rural men and non-agricultural labor 45-54 years old urban and rural women have a significant negative probability influence and effect on women than men. Regardless of self-rated health, or physical health, mental health indicators to reach retirement years after the urban group, which influence town of 60-65 year old male group and female group aged 55-65 are not significant, while in rural areas in the sample of rural male health effects the 60-65 age group is higher than that of rural non-agricultural labor participation in the 45-59 year old male group, female group aged 55-65 health effects on off farm work participation effect is greater than the 45-54 year old female population. The second is healthy Kang in the elderly labor participation time.1. household sample results from the general and it can be seen that the self-rated health indicators, physical health indicators, mental health index of all samples have significant influence of urban and rural sample sample. In addition to the mental health impact index effects on rural areas and towns is similar outside, other indicators of the health impact on the urban effect were found in rural areas should be greater than.2. for further analysis of gender age of sample, effect of health on 45-59 year old male urban non-agricultural work time more than 45-59 years old and 60-65 years old male rural rural men. The influence of the health effects of 45-54 years old urban women's non-agricultural the labor time is greater than the rural female aged 45-54 and 55-65 years old rural women. All health indicators are not significant to the town after reaching retirement age in the elderly No significant influence, influence on 60-65 years old male group and women aged 55-65 groups. While the rural sample, even reaching the retirement age, the health of the rural non-agricultural labor 60-65 year old male group and female group aged 55-65 in time have significant influence, and the influence effect is greater than the corresponding retirement age groups before. Both in general and Hukou samples in each effect, the effect of the health of women's groups than those in the male group. Finally the health effects of population employment wage rate for the elderly. In the overall sample, all health variables in elderly employed population wage rates have significant influence the index is greater than the physical health, mental health effects on the wage rate, relative to the rural household registration in the city household employment and labor remuneration has evident advantages. For years old in gender People employed population rate has significant positive effects, which shows that China's labor market has the phenomenon of gender wage differences are more obvious. Urban and rural sample regression, has a significant impact on the health of the elderly in rural areas the variable wage rate, and as the overall sample, the physiological health effect on the wage rate than the mental health, and various health indicators of the towns in the elderly employment effects of group wage rate is not significant, the effect of gender impact on the rural elderly in the wage rate is greater than the urban. Male and female sample regression, all variables on the health of the old people in the male wage rates have significant influence the effect, affecting men more than women. And mental health effects on wage rate is less than the physical health, household registration has significant function of male and female wage rate. The regression results show the number, on the whole, the effect of physical health and mental health index index influence on low quantiles of the wage rate is greater than the impact of high quantile wage rates, indicating improvement in health has very important influence to improve the low wage rate levels in elderly wages growth according to the empirical results. First of all, some countermeasures and suggestions are provided. In order to improve the existing labor quality, improve the health level of the multi dimension of the elderly. Health workers in our country has been improved from the nutritional requirements to meet the food and clothing, nutritionally balanced, reasonable diet higher demand stage. In the prevention and treatment of acute disease on the basis of attention, harm chronic diseases need attention and strengthen prevention and control, and physical health problems in the traditional sense is improved to a certain extent, the mental health needs gradually taken seriously. Secondly, improve the inequality of China's current labor market. In the presence of inequality problems in the labor market in our country mainly including gender inequality, household inequality, occupation income inequality. Including the protection of women's rights, to extend the traditional maternity leave policy not only failed to protect women's employment, but further intensified the first female employment discrimination phenomenon, can be considered from civil servants, institutions and other state organs Services employers recruit to female employment, and focus on the protection of the right to education. The girls continue to steadily promote the reform of the household registration, social welfare policy reform situation in addition to the domicile of the current. Finally, the sound legal protection of fair participants in the labor market. China's current labor law and practice in < > will not re employment after retirement behavior into the scope of protection can be convenient and effective to study The situation of judicial protection ensures the legitimate rights and interests of the retired old men in the process of reemployment.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：對外經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：R193;F249.2

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