唐代敦煌的教育研究
發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-10-15 10:50
【摘要】：唐代的敦煌地區(qū)經(jīng)歷了唐代前期、吐蕃統(tǒng)治時(shí)期和歸義軍時(shí)期,在這段動(dòng)蕩的歲月里,敦煌的文化教育也因此受到影響。但是整體上來說,敦煌的文化教育沒有衰退。因?yàn)榻逃卸喾N類型,例如官學(xué)、私學(xué)、寺學(xué),即使某種教育類型因社會(huì)變遷而受到影響,但還有其它類型的教育方式傳承文化。在敦煌地區(qū)的教育發(fā)展中,官學(xué)是敦煌地區(qū)的主要教育機(jī)構(gòu)。唐代敦煌的官學(xué)主要傳授的是儒學(xué)教育,學(xué)校教材也多以儒家典籍為主。這種教育狀況與中原地區(qū)的學(xué)校教育狀況相同。與此同時(shí)敦煌的官學(xué)內(nèi)容除了儒學(xué),還包含有道學(xué)、醫(yī)學(xué)等其它學(xué)科的教育。私學(xué)是與官學(xué)相對(duì)而言的。南北朝時(shí)期學(xué)校教育受到戰(zhàn)亂等因素衰退的時(shí)候,河西地區(qū)的私學(xué)成為暫時(shí)代替學(xué)校教育,傳承儒家學(xué)術(shù)的教育機(jī)構(gòu)。同樣,以儒學(xué)教育為主的唐代敦煌私學(xué)配合官學(xué)的教育政策,以科舉入仕為教育目標(biāo)。同時(shí),敦煌世家大族儒家學(xué)術(shù)的家學(xué)傳承還形成了儒學(xué)家風(fēng),約束著敦煌大族的家庭成員遵守儒家禮教的道德規(guī)范。寺學(xué)是敦煌地區(qū)的特色教育形式,在吐蕃統(tǒng)治時(shí)期興盛起來。寺學(xué)不同于傳統(tǒng)的寺院修習(xí)方式,教師和學(xué)生均為僧俗兩種,學(xué)習(xí)的內(nèi)容也包含儒學(xué)和佛學(xué)。當(dāng)官學(xué)、私學(xué)因?yàn)橥罗说奈幕哂绊懚ネ藭r(shí),寺學(xué)獨(dú)特的佛儒雙修的教學(xué)方式保留了敦煌漢族文化的傳統(tǒng),也造就了眾多精通佛儒的高僧和名士,在保存儒家文化的同時(shí),佛教也逐漸中國化,成為敦煌民眾的一種信仰。在佛教文化逐漸被敦煌民眾接受的過程中,佛教文化的世俗性體現(xiàn)了出來。佛教通過一些民間活動(dòng)宣傳佛教思想,佛教教化的功能也通過俗文學(xué)、俗文化等載體傳播開來。除此之外,敦煌的民眾在日常的生產(chǎn)生活中積累了大量的生產(chǎn)技術(shù)和生活經(jīng)驗(yàn),而這些技術(shù)和經(jīng)驗(yàn)的推廣也是以教育為媒介傳播的。敦煌的官學(xué)、私學(xué)、寺學(xué)等教育都會(huì)受到社會(huì)變遷的影響。而敦煌地方政權(quán)的統(tǒng)治者是敦煌教育最直接的影響因素,因?yàn)樯蠈由鐣?huì)政治經(jīng)濟(jì)體制制約著教育發(fā)展的狀況,例如吐蕃統(tǒng)治時(shí)期官學(xué)、私學(xué)教育機(jī)構(gòu)的衰退,寺學(xué)的興盛,以及佛教文化在敦煌社會(huì)的影響力逐漸增強(qiáng)。此外,敦煌的世家大族在敦煌教育的發(fā)展進(jìn)程中一直占據(jù)著重要的位置,對(duì)于敦煌教育的發(fā)展進(jìn)程起到了重要作用,無論是敦煌的官學(xué)、私學(xué)還是寺學(xué),都有敦煌的世家大族參與其中。
[Abstract]:The Dunhuang area of the Tang Dynasty experienced the period of the early Tang Dynasty, the period of Tubo rule and the period of Gui Rebellion. During this turbulent period, the culture and education of Dunhuang were also affected. But on the whole, Dunhuang culture and education has not declined. Because there are many types of education, such as official, private, monastery, even if a certain type of education is affected by social changes, but there are other types of education to pass on culture. In the development of education in Dunhuang area, official school is the main educational institution in Dunhuang area. The official school of Dunhuang in Tang Dynasty mainly imparted Confucianism education, and the school textbooks were mainly Confucian classics. This state of education is the same as that of schools in the Central Plains. In addition to Confucianism, Dunhuang's official studies also include education in Taoism, medicine and other disciplines. Private education is relative to official learning. During the decline of school education in the Northern and Southern dynasties, the private school in Hexi area became a temporary substitute for school education and passed on Confucianism. Similarly, the education policy of Dunhuang private school in Tang Dynasty, which is mainly Confucianism education, aims at the imperial examination. At the same time, the Confucian academic inheritance of the Dunhuang clan also formed the Confucian style, which restricted the family members of the Dunhuang clan to abide by the Confucian ethics. Temple study is the characteristic form of education in Dunhuang area, which flourished during the period of Tubo rule. The monastery is different from the traditional monastery practice. Teachers and students are both monk and vulgar. The contents of the study also include Confucianism and Buddhism. When official and private studies declined because of the cultural policy of the Tubo people, the unique teaching method of Buddhist Buddhism and Confucianism preserved the tradition of Dunhuang Han nationality culture, and created many eminent monks and celebrities who were proficient in Buddhism and Confucianism. While preserving Confucian culture, Buddhism gradually became a belief of Dunhuang people. In the process of Buddhist culture being accepted by Dunhuang people, the secularity of Buddhist culture is embodied. Buddhism propagandizes Buddhist thought through some folk activities, the function of Buddhism enlightenment also spreads through the carrier of vulgar literature and vulgar culture. In addition, Dunhuang people accumulated a lot of production technology and life experience in their daily production and life, and the spread of these technologies and experiences was also spread through education. Dunhuang official, private, monastery and other education will be affected by social changes. The rulers of the local regime in Dunhuang were the most direct factors influencing the education of Dunhuang, because the political and economic system of the upper social society restricted the development of education, such as the decline of official schools, the decline of private educational institutions, and the prosperity of monasteries during the period of Tubo rule. And the influence of Buddhist culture in Dunhuang society gradually increased. In addition, the great families of Dunhuang have always occupied an important position in the development of Dunhuang education, which has played an important role in the development of Dunhuang education, whether it is the official, private or monastery studies of Dunhuang. Dunhuang families are involved in the family.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：蘭州大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號(hào)】：G529
本文編號(hào)：2272311
[Abstract]:The Dunhuang area of the Tang Dynasty experienced the period of the early Tang Dynasty, the period of Tubo rule and the period of Gui Rebellion. During this turbulent period, the culture and education of Dunhuang were also affected. But on the whole, Dunhuang culture and education has not declined. Because there are many types of education, such as official, private, monastery, even if a certain type of education is affected by social changes, but there are other types of education to pass on culture. In the development of education in Dunhuang area, official school is the main educational institution in Dunhuang area. The official school of Dunhuang in Tang Dynasty mainly imparted Confucianism education, and the school textbooks were mainly Confucian classics. This state of education is the same as that of schools in the Central Plains. In addition to Confucianism, Dunhuang's official studies also include education in Taoism, medicine and other disciplines. Private education is relative to official learning. During the decline of school education in the Northern and Southern dynasties, the private school in Hexi area became a temporary substitute for school education and passed on Confucianism. Similarly, the education policy of Dunhuang private school in Tang Dynasty, which is mainly Confucianism education, aims at the imperial examination. At the same time, the Confucian academic inheritance of the Dunhuang clan also formed the Confucian style, which restricted the family members of the Dunhuang clan to abide by the Confucian ethics. Temple study is the characteristic form of education in Dunhuang area, which flourished during the period of Tubo rule. The monastery is different from the traditional monastery practice. Teachers and students are both monk and vulgar. The contents of the study also include Confucianism and Buddhism. When official and private studies declined because of the cultural policy of the Tubo people, the unique teaching method of Buddhist Buddhism and Confucianism preserved the tradition of Dunhuang Han nationality culture, and created many eminent monks and celebrities who were proficient in Buddhism and Confucianism. While preserving Confucian culture, Buddhism gradually became a belief of Dunhuang people. In the process of Buddhist culture being accepted by Dunhuang people, the secularity of Buddhist culture is embodied. Buddhism propagandizes Buddhist thought through some folk activities, the function of Buddhism enlightenment also spreads through the carrier of vulgar literature and vulgar culture. In addition, Dunhuang people accumulated a lot of production technology and life experience in their daily production and life, and the spread of these technologies and experiences was also spread through education. Dunhuang official, private, monastery and other education will be affected by social changes. The rulers of the local regime in Dunhuang were the most direct factors influencing the education of Dunhuang, because the political and economic system of the upper social society restricted the development of education, such as the decline of official schools, the decline of private educational institutions, and the prosperity of monasteries during the period of Tubo rule. And the influence of Buddhist culture in Dunhuang society gradually increased. In addition, the great families of Dunhuang have always occupied an important position in the development of Dunhuang education, which has played an important role in the development of Dunhuang education, whether it is the official, private or monastery studies of Dunhuang. Dunhuang families are involved in the family.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：蘭州大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號(hào)】：G529
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