本文選題：環(huán)境污染 + 勞動生產(chǎn)率�。� 參考：《重慶大學(xué)》2014年博士論文

【摘要】：日益嚴(yán)峻的環(huán)境污染問題迫使人們重新審視經(jīng)濟(jì)增長與環(huán)境污染之間的關(guān)系，盡管經(jīng)典的“環(huán)境庫茲涅茨假說”認(rèn)為當(dāng)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長達(dá)到一定階段時，環(huán)境污染物排放將會隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)增長而逐漸降低，但是倒“U”型曲線的轉(zhuǎn)折點并不會自動發(fā)生，而是基于規(guī)模報酬遞增的環(huán)境治理行為，因此有效的環(huán)境規(guī)制政策是推動環(huán)境污染與經(jīng)濟(jì)增長之間的關(guān)系快速轉(zhuǎn)折的重要途徑�；诮�(jīng)典的庇古稅法則，環(huán)境規(guī)制政策的有效制定主要依據(jù)是環(huán)境污染造成的社會成本與私人成本之間的差距，雖然已有文獻(xiàn)考察了環(huán)境污染對勞動供給的影響，但是卻忽略了環(huán)境污染對勞動生產(chǎn)率的影響，正如Graffzivin et al.（2012）所言，環(huán)境污染可以在不影響勞動供給的前提下對勞動生產(chǎn)率產(chǎn)生顯著的影響。因此，本文在內(nèi)生經(jīng)濟(jì)增長理論和環(huán)境庫茲涅茨假說的基礎(chǔ)上建立環(huán)境污染影響勞動生產(chǎn)率的理論分析模型，并從中國的經(jīng)濟(jì)和環(huán)境發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀來考察了環(huán)境污染對勞動生產(chǎn)率的具體影響。 首先，不同于傳統(tǒng)的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長模型將環(huán)境污染作為經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展副產(chǎn)品的觀點，本文利用環(huán)境庫茲涅茨假說將環(huán)境污染內(nèi)生引入到經(jīng)濟(jì)增長模型，并且通過環(huán)境污染影響廠商生產(chǎn)成本和環(huán)境污染損害居民健康人力資本兩個渠道來考察環(huán)境污染對勞動生產(chǎn)率的影響。從環(huán)境污染對廠商成本的影響來看，環(huán)境污染對勞動生產(chǎn)率的影響是直接的，包括收入效應(yīng)和替代效應(yīng)兩個部分；在經(jīng)濟(jì)欠發(fā)達(dá)地區(qū)，收入效應(yīng)和替代效應(yīng)均表示環(huán)境污染有利于勞動生產(chǎn)率的提高；而在經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)達(dá)地區(qū)，盡管替代效應(yīng)依然為正，但是收入效應(yīng)則表示環(huán)境污染將不利于勞動生產(chǎn)率的提高。從環(huán)境污染損害健康人力資本的角度出發(fā)，環(huán)境污染對勞動生產(chǎn)率的影響是間接的，包括健康成本效應(yīng)和健康配置效應(yīng)，其中將健康成本效應(yīng)在經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)達(dá)地區(qū)和經(jīng)濟(jì)欠發(fā)達(dá)地區(qū)都明顯為正，而健康配置效應(yīng)在經(jīng)濟(jì)欠發(fā)達(dá)地區(qū)為負(fù)，在經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)達(dá)地區(qū)則為正。最后，環(huán)境污染對勞動生產(chǎn)率的影響是多方面的，并且會因環(huán)境規(guī)制強度、環(huán)境污染強度和經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展水平的不同而變化。 在理論模型的基礎(chǔ)上，本文構(gòu)建了環(huán)境污染影響勞動生產(chǎn)率的實證模型，，并利用中國1990-2011年的省級面板數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行實證研究。然而，在計量分析過程中面臨的一個重要問題是傳統(tǒng)的勞動生產(chǎn)率指標(biāo)如勞均國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值是一個粗勞動生產(chǎn)率指標(biāo)，其并不能區(qū)分資本、技術(shù)等其他投入對產(chǎn)出的貢獻(xiàn)，所以本文從邊際勞動生產(chǎn)率的角度出發(fā)，利用距離函數(shù)來建立生產(chǎn)分析框架，然后在完全競爭市場假設(shè)下來求解勞動生產(chǎn)率，并將效率損失考慮到勞動生產(chǎn)率的計算過程中，從而能夠得到凈的勞動生產(chǎn)率的測度。最后，實證結(jié)果表明：首先環(huán)境污染對當(dāng)期勞動生產(chǎn)率有顯著的負(fù)效應(yīng)，并且基于三種環(huán)境污染物的計量結(jié)果是穩(wěn)健的。第二，環(huán)境污染對勞動生產(chǎn)率的短期影響并不顯著，但是長期影響則顯著為負(fù)。第三，為了進(jìn)一步考察環(huán)境污染對勞動生產(chǎn)率的區(qū)間效應(yīng)，運用Hansen（1999）發(fā)展而來的門檻面板模型的結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)：環(huán)境污染對勞動生產(chǎn)率的負(fù)效應(yīng)隨著環(huán)境污染規(guī)模的增加而增加；當(dāng)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展水平較低時，環(huán)境污染對勞動生產(chǎn)率的負(fù)影響較弱，然而隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)水平的提高，環(huán)境污染對勞動生產(chǎn)率的負(fù)效應(yīng)將會增加；環(huán)境污染對勞動生產(chǎn)率的負(fù)效應(yīng)隨著環(huán)境規(guī)制程度的增強呈現(xiàn)出典型的倒“U”關(guān)系。 最后，在獲得環(huán)境污染影響勞動生產(chǎn)率的理論依據(jù)和實證支持的同時，本文考察了環(huán)境污染作為外部因素對勞動生產(chǎn)率收斂性的影響。結(jié)合Barro et al（.1992）和Capozza et al.（2002）的觀點構(gòu)建了環(huán)境污染影響勞動生產(chǎn)率收斂性的模型，利用門檻面板模型的實證結(jié)果表明：中國省際勞動生產(chǎn)率存在顯著的β絕對收斂，但是在2000年之前收斂特征更多地表現(xiàn)為東部地區(qū)領(lǐng)先背景下的有限收斂，而在2000年之后收斂特征才得以穩(wěn)定；環(huán)境污染對勞動生產(chǎn)率收斂性的影響主要體現(xiàn)在當(dāng)?shù)貐^(qū)環(huán)境污染水平明顯高于或者低于平均水平時，勞動生產(chǎn)率的收斂速度是較低的；當(dāng)?shù)貐^(qū)放松環(huán)境管制時，勞動生產(chǎn)率的收斂速度將會降低，并且嚴(yán)格的環(huán)境規(guī)制措施也將降低勞動生產(chǎn)率的收斂速度，即環(huán)境規(guī)制強度與勞動生產(chǎn)率的收斂速度之間存在顯著的倒“U”關(guān)系。
[Abstract]:The increasingly severe environmental pollution problem forces people to reexamine the relationship between economic growth and environmental pollution. Although the classic "environmental Kuznets hypothesis" believes that when economic growth reaches a certain stage, the emission of environmental pollutants will gradually decrease with the economic growth, but the turning point of the inverted "U" curve will not be self imposed. The effective environmental regulation policy is an important way to promote the rapid turning of the relationship between environmental pollution and economic growth. Based on the classic Pigou tax law, the effective formulation of environmental regulation policy is mainly based on the social cost and private formation caused by environmental pollution. In this gap, although the impact of environmental pollution on labor supply has been examined, the impact of environmental pollution on labor productivity is ignored. As Graffzivin et al. (2012) said, environmental pollution can have a significant impact on the productivity of labor without affecting the labor supply. Therefore, this article is in the internal economy. On the basis of the theory of growth and the Kuznets hypothesis of environment, a theoretical analysis model of environmental pollution affects labor productivity is set up, and the specific influence of environmental pollution on labor productivity is examined from the current situation of China's economic and environmental development.
Firstly, different from the traditional economic growth model, the environmental pollution is regarded as a by-product of economic development. In this paper, the environmental pollution endophyte is introduced into the economic growth model by using the environmental Kuznets hypothesis, and the environmental pollution affects the manufacturer's production cost and environmental pollution to damage the residents' health human capital by two channels. The impact of environmental pollution on labor productivity. From the effect of environmental pollution on the cost of manufacturers, the impact of environmental pollution on labor productivity is direct, including two parts: income effect and substitution effect; in underdeveloped areas, both income and substitution effects indicate that environmental pollution is beneficial to the increase of labor productivity; In the economically developed areas, although the substitution effect is still positive, the income effect indicates that environmental pollution will not benefit the increase of labor productivity. From the perspective of environmental pollution damage to healthy human capital, the impact of environmental pollution on labor productivity is indirect, including health cost effect and health allocation effect, which will be healthy. This effect is obviously positive in economically developed areas and underdeveloped areas, and the effect of health allocation is negative in underdeveloped areas and in economically developed areas. Finally, the impact of environmental pollution on labor productivity is multifaceted, and the intensity of environmental regulation, the intensity of environmental pollution and the level of economic development will be different. Change.
On the basis of the theoretical model, this paper constructs an empirical model for the impact of environmental pollution on labor productivity, and uses the provincial panel data of 1990-2011 years in China to carry out an empirical study. However, an important problem in the process of econometric analysis is that the traditional labor productivity, such as the gross domestic product of labour average, is a rough working student. The yield index can not distinguish between capital, technology and other inputs to the output, so from the point of view of marginal labor productivity, this paper uses the distance function to establish the production analysis framework, and then assumes the labor productivity in the full competitive market, and takes the efficiency loss into account in the calculation of labor productivity. We can get a net measure of labor productivity. Finally, the empirical results show that first, environmental pollution has a significant negative effect on the current labor productivity, and the measurement results based on three kinds of environmental pollutants are robust. Second, the short-term effect of environmental pollution on labor productivity is not significant, but the long-term effect is significant. Negative. Third, in order to further investigate the interval effect of environmental pollution on labor productivity, the result of the threshold panel model developed by Hansen (1999) shows that the negative effect of environmental pollution on labor productivity increases with the increase of environmental pollution scale; when the level of economic development is low, environmental pollution is to labor productivity. However, the negative effect of environmental pollution on labor productivity will increase with the increase of economic level, and the negative effect of environmental pollution on labor productivity shows a typical inverted "U" relationship with the increase of environmental regulation.
Finally, in order to obtain the theoretical basis and empirical support of environmental pollution affecting labor productivity, this paper examines the effect of environmental pollution as an external factor on the convergence of labor productivity. Combining the views of Barro et al (.1992) and Capozza et al. (2002), a model of environmental pollution affecting the convergence of labor productivity is constructed. The empirical results of the sill panel model show that there is a significant beta absolute convergence in China's inter provincial labor productivity, but the convergence characteristics before 2000 are more of the limited convergence in the eastern region, and the convergence characteristics are stable after the 2000, and the influence of environmental pollution on the convergence of labor productivity is the main body. Now, when the environmental pollution level is obviously higher than or below the average level, the rate of labor productivity convergence is low. When the area is relaxed, the convergence rate of labor productivity will be reduced, and the strict environmental regulation measures will also reduce the rate of convergence of labor production rate, that is, the intensity of environmental regulation and labor. There is a significant inverse "U" relationship between the rate of convergence of productivity.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：重慶大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類號】：X22;F224;F249.22

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