本文選題：小微企業(yè) + 融資公平　； 參考：《西南政法大學(xué)》2016年博士論文

【摘要】：自從工信部等四部委于2011年7月頒布《中小企業(yè)劃型標(biāo)準(zhǔn)規(guī)定》對(duì)小微企業(yè)正名以來,小微企業(yè)成為了理論界和實(shí)務(wù)界研究的熱點(diǎn)對(duì)象。小微企業(yè)在活躍市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)、提供就業(yè)崗位、彌補(bǔ)社會(huì)服務(wù)缺位等方面具有積極的作用。但是,當(dāng)前存在著諸多阻礙小微企業(yè)發(fā)展的因素,其中,核心因素是融資障礙。而小微企業(yè)融資障礙中的融資難、融資貴問題又成為了目前學(xué)界集中研究的選題,相關(guān)學(xué)術(shù)成果頗豐。但是,關(guān)于小微企業(yè)另一項(xiàng)融資障礙,即小微企業(yè)融資不公平問題卻很少受到關(guān)注。目前,與大中型企業(yè)相比,小微企業(yè)在融資時(shí)并沒有受到同等對(duì)待。同時(shí),小微企業(yè)在金融市場(chǎng)中的弱勢(shì)地位也并沒有得到應(yīng)受的重視。誠(chéng)然,小微企業(yè)融資難、融資貴與小微企業(yè)融資不公平具有一定的關(guān)聯(lián)性,前者是后者的重要表現(xiàn)。但是,兩者不可以等同。小微企業(yè)融資公平與否直接關(guān)涉社會(huì)正義是否實(shí)現(xiàn)的問題,后者更為根本。良法本身蘊(yùn)含公平正義的理念,依照良法治理小微企業(yè)融資不公平問題是有效的路徑�；谏鲜鏊枷�,本文以金融公平為價(jià)值理念,主要研究小微企業(yè)融資公平保障法律制度相關(guān)問題。目的在于通過蘊(yùn)含金融公平理念的法律制度的構(gòu)建,保障小微企業(yè)可以與大中型企業(yè)公平地分享金融資源。除了引言和結(jié)論,本文可以分為三大部分。第一部分為第一章,是全文的理論基礎(chǔ),主要闡釋了小微企業(yè)融資公平相關(guān)的概念。第二部分為第二章,分析了我國(guó)小微企業(yè)融資現(xiàn)狀,并詳細(xì)闡釋了小微企業(yè)融資不公平在現(xiàn)實(shí)中的主要表現(xiàn)及其制度原因。第三部分為第三章、第四章、第五章和第六章。其中,第三章探討了保障小微企業(yè)融資公平的基本原則,并且,在堅(jiān)持基本原則的基礎(chǔ)上,重點(diǎn)闡釋了構(gòu)建小微企業(yè)融資公平保障法律制度的整體思路。而第四章、第五章和第六章分別探討了小微企業(yè)融資機(jī)會(huì)公平、條件公平和結(jié)果公平保障法律制度的構(gòu)建問題。從以上三個(gè)層面,為保障小微企業(yè)公平地獲得金融資源提供了具體的法律完善建議。第一章,小微企業(yè)的融資公平。主要探討小微企業(yè)融資公平的內(nèi)涵和外延,是全文的邏輯起點(diǎn),為后文分析小微企業(yè)融資市場(chǎng)存在的問題以及提出相應(yīng)的法律完善建議提供理論支撐。建國(guó)后,我國(guó)頒布了多版中小企業(yè)劃型標(biāo)準(zhǔn),本文界定小微企業(yè)概念,以最新發(fā)布的《中小企業(yè)劃型標(biāo)準(zhǔn)規(guī)定》為主要依據(jù)。并且,本文構(gòu)建融資公平保障法律制度主要針對(duì)的對(duì)象是金融市場(chǎng)中處于弱勢(shì)地位的小微企業(yè),并不包括具有國(guó)有資本身份以及屬于集團(tuán)總公司性質(zhì)的小微企業(yè)。同時(shí),本文也將個(gè)體工商戶納入到了廣義的小微企業(yè)的概念中。小微企業(yè)融資公平的確立依據(jù),可以從法學(xué)、經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)以及倫理學(xué)三個(gè)角度進(jìn)行闡釋,具體是指,與大中型企業(yè)相比,小微企業(yè)以均等的機(jī)會(huì)獲得融資、以相同的市場(chǎng)條件獲得融資,以及融資需求滿足度不能相差懸殊。以羅爾斯的現(xiàn)代公平正義觀為基礎(chǔ),以融資環(huán)節(jié)為區(qū)分點(diǎn),可以將小微企業(yè)融資公平分為小微企業(yè)融資機(jī)會(huì)公平、條件公平和結(jié)果公平。小微企業(yè)融資機(jī)會(huì)公平是準(zhǔn)入公平,是指,與大中型企業(yè)相比,小微企業(yè)具有相同的獲得融資的可能性。小微企業(yè)融資條件公平是過程公平,是指,與對(duì)大中型企業(yè)提供融資相比,銀行業(yè)金融機(jī)構(gòu)對(duì)小微企業(yè)融資時(shí),必須依照相同的市場(chǎng)條件發(fā)放貸款和確定利率。而小微企業(yè)融資結(jié)果公平是結(jié)果公平,是指,與大中型企業(yè)相比,小微企業(yè)的融資需求滿足度不能相差懸殊。第二章,小微企業(yè)融資不公平主要表現(xiàn)及其制度原因。通過調(diào)研等形式對(duì)我國(guó)小微企業(yè)融資現(xiàn)狀進(jìn)行考察后發(fā)現(xiàn),我國(guó)小微企業(yè)在融資方面存在較多不公平現(xiàn)象。小微企業(yè)融資機(jī)會(huì)不公平的表現(xiàn)包括小微企業(yè)融資渠道過窄和小微企業(yè)缺少具有層次性的融資渠道兩個(gè)方面。從制度層面講,原因主要包括兩個(gè)方面。第一,提升小微企業(yè)融資能力方面的法律制度缺位。第二,現(xiàn)行相關(guān)規(guī)則缺少頂層設(shè)計(jì)且具體內(nèi)容也存在缺陷。小微企業(yè)融資條件不公平的表現(xiàn)包括:強(qiáng)迫購(gòu)買理財(cái)、保險(xiǎn)產(chǎn)品;要求以貸轉(zhuǎn)存或者存貸掛鉤;要求購(gòu)買配套承兌匯票;不當(dāng)要求小微企業(yè)主個(gè)人提供連帶保證等。從制度層面講,原因主要包括三個(gè)方面。第一,法律制度應(yīng)對(duì)金融市場(chǎng)結(jié)構(gòu)性失衡問題存在局限性。第二,法律制度回應(yīng)實(shí)質(zhì)不平等地位問題力度不足。第三,現(xiàn)有規(guī)則存在治理失靈現(xiàn)象。小微企業(yè)融資結(jié)果不公平的表現(xiàn)為,與大中型企業(yè)相比,小微企業(yè)的融資需求滿足度過低。根據(jù)調(diào)研數(shù)據(jù)顯示,多數(shù)小微企業(yè)融資需求滿足度低于60%,而現(xiàn)有融資渠道基本可以滿足大中型企業(yè)、尤其是大型企業(yè)的融資需求。從制度層面講,原因主要包括兩個(gè)方面。第一,小微企業(yè)融資機(jī)會(huì)公平、條件公平保障法律制度存在缺陷。第二,法律制度在規(guī)范政府傾斜保護(hù)小微企業(yè)方面力度不足。第三章,小微企業(yè)融資公平保障的基本原則和整體思路。小微企業(yè)融資公平保障的基本原則是小微企業(yè)融資公平理念的具體體現(xiàn),也是后文構(gòu)建小微企業(yè)融資公平保障法律制度時(shí)所應(yīng)遵循的指導(dǎo)思想。尊重市場(chǎng)規(guī)律原則主要包括兩方面要求。一是,以競(jìng)爭(zhēng)機(jī)制、供求機(jī)制和價(jià)格機(jī)制有效發(fā)揮作用為核心。二是,政府應(yīng)定位為金融市場(chǎng)發(fā)展的引導(dǎo)者和服務(wù)者。綜合保障融資公平原則,一方面,要求綜合實(shí)現(xiàn)小微企業(yè)融資機(jī)會(huì)公平、條件公平和結(jié)果公平。另一方面,要求利用多種手段確保小微企業(yè)融資公平。堅(jiān)持金融創(chuàng)新促進(jìn)融資公平原則,要求金融創(chuàng)新必須服務(wù)實(shí)體經(jīng)濟(jì),鼓勵(lì)金融創(chuàng)新的同時(shí),也應(yīng)對(duì)其進(jìn)行適度監(jiān)管。強(qiáng)化金融監(jiān)管保障融資公平原則,強(qiáng)調(diào)應(yīng)建立政府監(jiān)管、行業(yè)自律和社會(huì)監(jiān)管為一體的監(jiān)管體系。保障融資公平法治化原則,強(qiáng)調(diào)保障融資公平以法律制度為基礎(chǔ),并且,重視非正式金融制度的作用,將其作為法律制度的補(bǔ)充,共同服務(wù)于保障小微企業(yè)融資公平。小微企業(yè)融資公平保障的整體思路部分,從立法、司法、執(zhí)法和守法四個(gè)層面探討了小微企業(yè)融資公平保障法治路徑的整體要求,并構(gòu)建了小微企業(yè)融資公平保障的法律制度框架。第四章,小微企業(yè)融資機(jī)會(huì)公平保障法律制度。為了提升小微企業(yè)融資能力,應(yīng)分別構(gòu)建小微企業(yè)集群融資法律制度和小微企業(yè)融資擔(dān)保法律制度。同時(shí),應(yīng)針對(duì)小微企業(yè)特點(diǎn),依法為其搭建多元化、具有層次性的融資渠道是保障小微企業(yè)融資機(jī)會(huì)公平的主要路徑。在融資平臺(tái)方面,應(yīng)依法為小微企業(yè)搭建全國(guó)性、區(qū)域性和民間性三層融資平臺(tái)。重點(diǎn)探討了三層融資平臺(tái)的定位和職能、掛牌標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、股權(quán)和債權(quán)融資法律制度等內(nèi)容。并且,為各層融資平臺(tái)之間轉(zhuǎn)板建立了相應(yīng)的法律制度。在融資機(jī)構(gòu)方面,應(yīng)構(gòu)建小微金融機(jī)構(gòu)法律制度,規(guī)范專門或者主要服務(wù)小微企業(yè)融資的中小型銀行、小額貸款公司健康運(yùn)行。在融資工具方面,應(yīng)推行和規(guī)范公開發(fā)行的小微企業(yè)集合債券業(yè)務(wù)以及非公開發(fā)行的小微企業(yè)私募債券業(yè)務(wù)�？傊�,比照大中型企業(yè)現(xiàn)有融資渠道,針對(duì)小微企業(yè)自身特點(diǎn),通過構(gòu)建法律制度,為其搭建具有針對(duì)性的多層次融資渠道,滿足不同類型、不同發(fā)展階段的小微企業(yè)的融資需求。第五章,小微企業(yè)融資條件公平保障法律制度。為了確保銀行業(yè)金融機(jī)構(gòu)依照相同的市場(chǎng)條件為小微企業(yè)提供融資,第一,應(yīng)將小微企業(yè)融資基本利益,即自主選擇的利益和公平交易的利益進(jìn)行權(quán)利化,依法建立小微企業(yè)條件公平融資權(quán)利,增強(qiáng)保障力度。第二,應(yīng)利用約束性和激勵(lì)性法律規(guī)制的相關(guān)理論,分別構(gòu)建小微企業(yè)融資條件公平約束性法律制度和激勵(lì)性法律制度。前者的主要內(nèi)容為通過賦予銀行業(yè)金融機(jī)構(gòu)、金融監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)相應(yīng)的義務(wù)、職責(zé)以及法律責(zé)任,督促銀行業(yè)金融機(jī)構(gòu)平等對(duì)待小微企業(yè)。后者主要包括推行行政指導(dǎo)手段、行政獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)手段以及合同菜單規(guī)范手段保障融資條件公平等內(nèi)容。第三,應(yīng)構(gòu)建法律救濟(jì)機(jī)制,將投訴機(jī)制定位為前置救濟(jì)機(jī)制、將金融申訴專員機(jī)制定位為核心機(jī)制、將訴訟機(jī)制定位為補(bǔ)充救濟(jì)機(jī)制。第六章,小微企業(yè)融資結(jié)果公平保障法律制度。依法提升小微企業(yè)融資需求滿足度是保障小微企業(yè)融資結(jié)果公平的主要路徑。構(gòu)建融資結(jié)果公平保障法律制度保障的對(duì)象是在金融市場(chǎng)中處于弱勢(shì)地位、但自身努力并且符合市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展要求的小微企業(yè)。這些小微企業(yè)通過現(xiàn)有融資渠道無法獲得融資,在堅(jiān)持以人為本理念下,應(yīng)對(duì)其進(jìn)行救濟(jì)。具體而言,應(yīng)明確政府保障小微企業(yè)融資結(jié)果公平的主導(dǎo)性定位,完善目前政府推行的幫扶小微企業(yè)融資的法律措施。主要包括構(gòu)建扶持資金運(yùn)用績(jī)效評(píng)價(jià)法律制度、構(gòu)建小微企業(yè)增信集合證券監(jiān)管法律制度、構(gòu)建政府投資小微企業(yè)引導(dǎo)基金法律制度、構(gòu)建小微企業(yè)融資政策性擔(dān)保法律制度以及構(gòu)建支小再貸款法律制度等內(nèi)容。
[Abstract]:Small and micro enterprises have become a hot topic in the theoretical and practical circles since the four ministries, such as the Ministry of industry and information and other ministries and committees, promulgated the standard for small and medium enterprises in July 2011. Small and micro enterprises have played an active role in activating the market economy, providing jobs and making up for the lack of social services. There are many factors that impede the development of small and micro enterprises, among which the core factor is financing obstacles. The difficulty of financing in the financing barriers of small and micro enterprises, and the expensive problem of financing have become the topic of research in the current academic circles, and the related academic achievements are quite fruitful. However, there are few financial barriers to small and micro enterprises, namely, the unfair financing problem of small and micro enterprises is very few. At present, compared with large and medium-sized enterprises, small and micro enterprises have not been treated equally in financing. At the same time, the weak position of small and micro enterprises in the financial market has not been paid attention to. However, the two can not be equal. The equity of small and micro enterprises is directly related to the problem of whether social justice is realized, the latter is more fundamental. The good law itself contains the concept of fairness and justice, and it is an effective way to govern the unfair financing of small and micro enterprises according to the good law. Based on the above thought, this paper takes financial equity as the value concept. The purpose is to ensure that small and micro enterprises can share the financial resources fairly with large and medium-sized enterprises through the construction of the legal system containing the concept of financial equity. In addition to the introduction and conclusion, this article can be divided into three parts. The first part is the first chapter, the full text theory. On the basis of this, the paper mainly explains the concept of equity related to financing in small and micro enterprises. The second part is the second chapter, analyzes the financing status of small and micro enterprises in China, and explains in detail the main manifestations and institutional reasons of the unfair financing in small and micro enterprises in reality. The third part is the third chapter, the fourth chapter, the fifth chapter and the sixth chapter. Among them, third chapters explore. The basic principles of guaranteeing the equity of small and micro enterprises' financing are discussed, and on the basis of adhering to the basic principles, the whole idea of establishing the legal system of financing fair guarantee for small and micro enterprises is explained emphatically. The fourth chapter, the fifth chapter and the sixth chapter respectively discuss the equity of the financing opportunities of small and micro enterprises, the condition equity and the legal system of the result fair guarantee. From the above three levels, it provides a specific legal improvement proposal to ensure the fair access to financial resources for small and micro enterprises. Chapter 1, the financing fairness of small and micro enterprises. It mainly discusses the connotation and extension of financing equity of small and micro enterprises. It is the logical starting point of the full text, and the problems existing in the financing market of small and micro enterprises are analyzed in the following paper. After the founding of the people's Republic of China, China promulgated a multi version of the SME planning standards. This paper defines the concept of small and micro enterprises, and the latest release of the standard for SME planning is the main basis. And the main object of this paper is to establish the legal system of financing equity security in the financial market. The small micro enterprises in the disadvantaged position do not include the identity of state-owned capital and the small micro enterprises which belong to the nature of the group general company. At the same time, this article also brings the individual business and business households into the concept of small and micro enterprises in the broad sense. The foundation of the financing fairness of small and micro enterprises can be explained from the three angles of law, economics and ethics. Compared with large and medium-sized enterprises, small and micro enterprises obtain financing with equal opportunity, obtain financing with the same market conditions, and the satisfaction degree of financing needs can not be disparities. Based on Rawls's modern fair and justice view, the financing fairness of small and micro enterprises can be divided into small and micro enterprise financing based on the financing link. Fair opportunity, fair condition and fair result. Small and micro enterprise financing opportunity fairness is admittance fairness. Compared with large and medium-sized enterprises, small and micro enterprises have the same possibility of obtaining financing. Small and micro enterprises' financing conditions are fair process fairness, which means that banking financial institutions are compared with small and medium-sized enterprises to provide financing for small and medium-sized enterprises. When industry financing, it is necessary to grant loans and determine interest rates according to the same market conditions. The equity of financing in small and micro enterprises is a fair result. Compared with large and medium-sized enterprises, the satisfaction degree of financing needs of small and micro enterprises can not differ greatly. The second chapter, the main manifestations and institutional reasons of financing unfairness in small and micro enterprises. After investigating the financing situation of small and micro enterprises in China, it is found that there are many unfair phenomena in the financing of small and micro enterprises in China. The unfair financing opportunities of small and micro enterprises include two aspects: the narrow financing channels of small and micro enterprises and the lack of hierarchical financing channels for small and micro enterprises. From the institutional level, the main reasons include two. First, the legal system of raising the financing capacity of small and micro enterprises is absent. Second, the current relevant rules lack the top-level design and the specific content is also defective. The unfair performance of the financing conditions of small and micro enterprises includes: compulsive purchase of financial management, insurance products; demand for loan transfer or deposit and loan; demand for the purchase of supporting acceptance bill; There are three main reasons from the system level. First, the legal system should be limited to the structural imbalance in the financial market. Second, the legal system responds to the problem of substantive inequality. Third, the existing rules have the phenomenon of governance failure. Small micro enterprises According to the survey data, the financing demand of most small and micro enterprises is less than 60%, and the existing financing channels can basically meet the financing needs of large and medium-sized enterprises, especially large enterprises. From the institutional level, the main reasons are the main reasons. We should include two aspects. First, the financing opportunities of small and micro enterprises are fair, and the legal system is defective. Second, the legal system is insufficient in standardizing the government's inclination to protect small and micro enterprises. The third chapter is the basic principle and the overall thinking way of financing fair guarantee for small and micro enterprises. The basic principles of financing fair guarantee for small and micro enterprises are the basic principles The concrete embodiment of the concept of equity financing in small and micro enterprises is also the guiding ideology to be followed in the construction of the legal system of financing fair guarantee for small and micro enterprises. The principle of respecting the law of the market mainly includes two requirements. One is the core of the effective role of the competition mechanism, the supply and demand mechanism and the price mechanism. Two, the government should be positioned as the finance. On the one hand, it requires a comprehensive realization of the fair, fair and fair results of financing opportunities for small and micro enterprises. On the other hand, we need to make use of various means to ensure fair financing of small and micro enterprises. At the same time of encouraging financial innovation, we should also encourage financial innovation to carry out moderate supervision, strengthen the principle of financing equity in financial supervision, and emphasize the establishment of a regulatory system of government supervision, industry self-discipline and social supervision. The role of the financial system, as a supplement to the legal system, serves to ensure the equity of small and micro enterprises, and the overall thinking of the fair guarantee of small and micro enterprises' financing. From the four levels of legislation, judicature, law enforcement and law-abiding, the overall requirements of the path of the rule of law for small and micro enterprises' financing fair guarantee are discussed, and the financing public of small and micro enterprises is constructed. In the fourth chapter, the legal system of small and micro enterprise financing opportunities is guaranteed. In order to improve the financing capacity of small and micro enterprises, the legal system of small and micro enterprise cluster financing and the legal system of financing guarantee for small and micro enterprises should be constructed respectively. At the same time, it should be aimed at the small and micro enterprises' special points and set up a diversified and hierarchical system according to law. Financing channels are the main path to ensure the equity of financing opportunities for small and micro enterprises. In terms of financing platform, we should set up a national, regional and folk three level financing platform for small and micro enterprises according to law. It focuses on the positioning and functions of the three level financing platform, the standard of listing, the legal system of equity and debt rights, and the financing for each level. In the aspect of financing institutions, the legal system of small and micro financial institutions should be established to standardize small and medium sized banks which are specialized or mainly for small and micro enterprises to finance. The small microfinance companies should operate healthfully. In a word, according to the existing financing channels of large and medium-sized enterprises, according to the characteristics of small and medium-sized enterprises, the financing needs of small and micro enterprises with different types and different stages of development are met through the construction of legal system to meet the needs of small and micro enterprises with different types and different stages of development. The fifth chapter, small and micro enterprises In order to ensure that the banking financial institutions provide financing for small and micro enterprises in accordance with the same market conditions, the basic interests of small and micro enterprises, that is, the interests of independent choice and the interests of the fair transaction, should be right, and the right of fair financing for small and micro enterprises should be established according to law, and the guarantee is strengthened. Second, we should construct a fair and restrictive legal system and incentive legal system for the financing conditions of small and micro enterprises by using the relevant theories of restrictive and incentive legal regulation. The main content of the former is to supervise the banking financial machinery by giving banks financial institutions, the obligations, responsibilities and legal responsibilities of the financial regulators. The latter mainly deals with small and micro enterprises. The latter mainly includes the implementation of administrative guidance, administrative reward means and the standard means of contract menu to ensure the fairness of financing conditions. Third, the legal relief mechanism should be established, the complaint mechanism is positioned as a pre relief mechanism, the Financial Ombudsman mechanism is the core mechanism, and the litigation machine is formulated. The sixth chapter is the legal system of small and micro enterprise financing results fair guarantee. Improving the financing demand satisfaction degree of small and micro enterprises is the main path to guarantee the equity of small and micro enterprises financing results. These small and micro enterprises can not obtain financing through the existing financing channels, and should carry on the relief under the concept of "people-oriented". In particular, the government should make clear the leading position of the government to guarantee the equity of the financing results of small and micro enterprises, and improve the financing of small and micro enterprises carried out by the government at present. The legal measures include the construction of the legal system for the performance evaluation of the support funds, the construction of the legal system for the supervision of the small and micro enterprises, the construction of the legal system of the guidance fund for the government investment in small and micro enterprises, the construction of the legal system for the financing policy guarantee of the small and micro enterprises, and the construction of the legal system for the construction of the small and small loans.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：西南政法大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號(hào)】：D922.29
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本文編號(hào)：2055076