本文選題：新中國(guó) + 出國(guó)留學(xué)　； 參考：《東北師范大學(xué)》2016年博士論文

【摘要】：新中國(guó)成立初期,中國(guó)政府實(shí)行向蘇聯(lián)大量派遣留學(xué)人員的政策,至20世紀(jì)60年代初期,中國(guó)開(kāi)始嘗試性的制定了向西方發(fā)達(dá)資本主義國(guó)家派遣留學(xué)人員的政策,這期間雖然出現(xiàn)了“文革”時(shí)期出國(guó)留學(xué)政策相對(duì)停滯的情況,但從總體上看,這些摸索性的工作還是為改革開(kāi)放后的出國(guó)留學(xué)管理奠定了基礎(chǔ),為留學(xué)活動(dòng)的繁榮發(fā)展積累了寶貴的經(jīng)驗(yàn)。改革開(kāi)放以來(lái),中國(guó)制定并實(shí)施了新的、更大規(guī)模的、全方位派遣出國(guó)留學(xué)人員的政策,為中國(guó)當(dāng)代留學(xué)活動(dòng)注入了新的元素�，F(xiàn)階段,在國(guó)家出國(guó)留學(xué)政策的總體框架內(nèi),出國(guó)留學(xué)政策已經(jīng)逐漸演變和發(fā)展成為國(guó)家公派出國(guó)留學(xué)、單位公派出國(guó)留學(xué)、自費(fèi)出國(guó)留學(xué)以及留學(xué)回國(guó)發(fā)展四個(gè)方面的二級(jí)政策�？梢哉f(shuō)是這四個(gè)系列的二級(jí)政策共同或交叉構(gòu)成了中國(guó)出國(guó)留學(xué)政策的總體框架。這四個(gè)系列的二級(jí)政策又是由若干具體的三級(jí)制度和規(guī)定(常以《通知》、《意見(jiàn)》、《辦法》等形式呈現(xiàn))分別或交叉組合構(gòu)建而成。如果某項(xiàng)二級(jí)或三級(jí)政策不切實(shí)際地過(guò)于狹窄或滯后,將無(wú)助于支持業(yè)已成熟的我國(guó)總體出國(guó)留學(xué)政策的正常運(yùn)行。因而,不斷調(diào)整和完善各個(gè)層面的出國(guó)留學(xué)政策是政策制定者和研究者義不容辭的職責(zé)所在。從留學(xué)活動(dòng)發(fā)展和留學(xué)政策演變的軌跡來(lái)看,中國(guó)的出國(guó)留學(xué)活動(dòng)大致從21世紀(jì)以來(lái)進(jìn)入了一個(gè)“相對(duì)繁榮發(fā)展期”。留學(xué)活動(dòng)的空間和規(guī)模越發(fā)寬廣,其流動(dòng)性已經(jīng)發(fā)展為留學(xué)政策變遷的新常態(tài),并逐漸成為人類精神價(jià)值、生活方式和發(fā)展模式相互借鑒、融和和雙向互贏的重要載體。本研究將從政策變遷的視角探討了66年來(lái)中國(guó)出國(guó)留學(xué)政策從起步階段到嘗試性恢復(fù)階段,從艱難曲折階段到改革開(kāi)放后的大力提升階段,從粗放式政策階段到精益化規(guī)范階段的發(fā)展歷程。研究歷史是為了更好的面對(duì)未來(lái),新中國(guó)成立以來(lái)出國(guó)留學(xué)政策的曲折演進(jìn)一方面反映了中國(guó)留學(xué)活動(dòng)66年來(lái)的變遷趨勢(shì)和發(fā)展規(guī)律,另一方面也給當(dāng)代中國(guó)出國(guó)留學(xué)政策的優(yōu)化提供了可資借鑒的經(jīng)驗(yàn)和應(yīng)當(dāng)吸取的教訓(xùn)。本文共分引言及正文五章。引言部分主要介紹本選題的研究背景、理論價(jià)值及實(shí)踐意義,對(duì)于國(guó)內(nèi)外學(xué)者的研究現(xiàn)狀進(jìn)行了分類學(xué)的梳理,包括基本概念的研究現(xiàn)狀、政策變遷理論的研究現(xiàn)狀、留學(xué)政策存在問(wèn)題的研究現(xiàn)狀、留學(xué)政策變遷原因的研究現(xiàn)狀、解決留學(xué)政策變遷問(wèn)題的研究情況等等；本研究基本遵循歷史主義的分析理路,構(gòu)建了前后相續(xù)的邏輯框架；對(duì)于研究中觀學(xué)術(shù)問(wèn)題的一貫做法,本文對(duì)中國(guó)出國(guó)留學(xué)政策變遷問(wèn)題的研究也使用了諸如文獻(xiàn)學(xué)方法、詞源學(xué)方法、馬克思主義語(yǔ)境研究法、實(shí)證調(diào)查方法、全媒體方法等多種方法,借鑒了第四次科技革命最為流行的云計(jì)算技術(shù)、宏媒體技術(shù)和大數(shù)據(jù)技術(shù)的算法優(yōu)勢(shì)；文章在國(guó)內(nèi)學(xué)術(shù)界首次把三大政策變遷理論應(yīng)用于中國(guó)出國(guó)留學(xué)政策變遷問(wèn)題的研究,得出了一些科學(xué)的結(jié)論,但受語(yǔ)言翻譯學(xué)傳播機(jī)制和傳播規(guī)律的制約,使得某些結(jié)論存在實(shí)際適用上的時(shí)空限制和政策局限性。基于學(xué)術(shù)研究科學(xué)性的考慮,本文在第一章首先界定了“留學(xué)”、“出國(guó)留學(xué)”“公費(fèi)留學(xué)”、“自費(fèi)留學(xué)”、“留學(xué)政策”、“留學(xué)法規(guī)”、“留學(xué)制度”等基本概念,接著對(duì)引發(fā)出國(guó)留學(xué)政策不斷變化的經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化理論、人力資本理論、科教興國(guó)理論進(jìn)行了關(guān)聯(lián)性闡述。由于一個(gè)國(guó)家或地區(qū)的出國(guó)留學(xué)活動(dòng)必然受制于特定時(shí)期、特定區(qū)域的政策變遷,所以本文在第二章系統(tǒng)論證了倡導(dǎo)聯(lián)盟理論、多源流理論和間斷-均衡理論對(duì)中國(guó)出國(guó)留學(xué)政策變遷的作用和影響,并藉此得出出國(guó)留學(xué)政策由均衡到失衡、由失衡到創(chuàng)新、再由創(chuàng)新造就新的均衡的基本變遷規(guī)律。歷史遵循著不斷更新的自然變遷規(guī)律,同樣道理,中國(guó)出國(guó)留學(xué)政策也經(jīng)歷了政策初步確立階段(1949-1956)、政策探索實(shí)施階段(1956-1966)、政策曲折停滯階段(1966-1977)、政策恢復(fù)調(diào)整階段(1978-1992)和政策規(guī)范發(fā)展階段(1993-)等幾個(gè)階段。對(duì)中國(guó)出國(guó)留學(xué)政策變遷基本路徑的梳理構(gòu)成了第三章的主要研究?jī)?nèi)容。研究歷史是為了更好的面向未來(lái),對(duì)中國(guó)出國(guó)留學(xué)政策變遷過(guò)程的論述是為了總結(jié)出國(guó)留學(xué)政策變遷的基本規(guī)律、普遍原因和主要成效,以利于國(guó)家相關(guān)政策部門能夠制定出更加合理的出國(guó)留學(xué)政策。基于對(duì)中國(guó)留學(xué)政策變遷過(guò)程中存在的政策均衡問(wèn)題、歸國(guó)人員管理環(huán)節(jié)薄弱的問(wèn)題、政策執(zhí)行環(huán)節(jié)漏洞的問(wèn)題、政策的國(guó)際化水平較低的問(wèn)題,文章指出政策變遷的價(jià)值結(jié)構(gòu)過(guò)于單一、缺少對(duì)政策變遷規(guī)律的正確把握、缺少對(duì)政策變遷動(dòng)力的科學(xué)認(rèn)識(shí)、缺少對(duì)政策變遷過(guò)程的系統(tǒng)研判、參與政策變遷的主體結(jié)構(gòu)不夠合理是導(dǎo)致上述問(wèn)題出現(xiàn)的主要原因,對(duì)上述問(wèn)題和原因的分析構(gòu)成了第四章研究的主要內(nèi)容。為了找到促進(jìn)中國(guó)出國(guó)留學(xué)政策新均衡的主要措施,本文第五章提出了五大具體措施,即重塑政策的價(jià)值目標(biāo)結(jié)構(gòu)、充分重視政策學(xué)習(xí)的實(shí)踐意義、科學(xué)把握政策變遷的動(dòng)力因素、準(zhǔn)確把握政策變遷的基本過(guò)程、完善利益相關(guān)者參與政策變遷的體制機(jī)制。措施的提出不一定對(duì)政府核心留學(xué)決策層產(chǎn)生影響,但至少可以給相關(guān)的決策人員提供有價(jià)值的參考。
[Abstract]:At the beginning of the founding of new China, the Chinese government carried out a policy of sending a large number of overseas students to the Soviet Union. By the early 1960s, China began to try to formulate a policy of sending overseas students to the western developed capitalist countries. Although the policy of studying abroad in the period of the "Cultural Revolution" appeared to be relatively stagnant, the Chinese government had been in general. As a matter of fact, these touches have laid a foundation for the management of studying abroad after the reform and opening up, and accumulated valuable experience for the prosperity and development of the study abroad. Since the reform and opening up, China has formulated and implemented a new, more large-scale, omni-directional policy of sending students abroad to study abroad. At the present stage, in the overall framework of the country's policy on studying abroad, the policy of studying abroad has gradually evolved and developed into the two level policy of four aspects, namely, the national public school abroad, the public school to study abroad, the self-study abroad and the development of the study abroad. It can be said that the two level policy of the four series is a common or intersecting constitution. The overall framework of China's policy on studying abroad. The two level policy of the four series is made up of a number of specific three level systems and regulations (often in the form of < notice > opinion >, < method >). If a certain two or three level policy is unrealistic and too narrow or lagging, it will not help the support. The policy of studying abroad is normal in China. Therefore, it is the duty of the policy makers and researchers to adjust and improve the policy of studying abroad at all levels. From the development of studying abroad and the evolution of the policy of studying abroad, the study of studying abroad in China has generally entered a "one" since twenty-first Century. The space and scale of relatively prosperous development ". The space and scale of studying abroad have become more and more wide, and its liquidity has been developed into a new normal state of the change of foreign policy, and has gradually become an important carrier of human spiritual value, life style and development model to learn from each other, harmony and two-way mutual win. This study will discuss China's emergence from the perspective of policy changes for 66 years. The policy of studying abroad is from the beginning stage to the trial recovery stage, from the difficult and tortuous stage to the stage of the vigorous promotion after the reform and opening up, from the extensive policy stage to the lean specification stage. The research history is to better face the future. The tortuous evolution of the foreign policy in the country since the founding of the new China reflects on the one hand. The vicissitude trend and the law of development for the 66 years of studying abroad activities in China, on the other hand, also provide lessons for the optimization of the policy of studying abroad in contemporary China. This article is divided into introduction and five chapters. The introduction mainly introduces the research background, theoretical value and practical significance of this topic, for domestic and foreign scholars. The present status of the research is taxonomic, including the status of basic concepts, the current situation of policy change theory, the present situation of the study of the problems of studying abroad, the current situation of the study of the reasons for the change of foreign policy and the study of the changes in the policy of studying abroad, and so on. The logical framework of the continuation of the front and back is built, and for the study of the middle view academic problems, the study of the policy changes of studying abroad in China has also used a variety of methods, such as bibliography, etymology, Marx context research, empirical investigation, and all media methods, and used fourth scientific and technological revolutions. The most popular cloud computing technology, macro media technology and large data technology have the advantages of algorithms. In the domestic academia, the three major policy change theories have been applied to the study of the policy changes of studying abroad for the first time in China, and some scientific conclusions have been drawn, but restricted by the transmission and broadcasting mechanism of language translation and the law of communication, some junctions are made. In the first chapter, the basic concepts of "studying abroad", "studying abroad" "studying abroad", "studying abroad", "studying abroad", "studying abroad", "studying abroad", "studying abroad" and other basic concepts are first defined in the first chapter. The changing theory of economic globalization, the theory of human capital and the theory of rejuvenating the country by science and education are expounded. Since the study of studying abroad in a country or region is bound to be subject to a specific period and the policy changes in a particular region, the second chapter systematically demonstrates the theory of advocating alliance, the theory of multi source flow and the discontinuous equilibrium theory. On the role and influence of the policy changes of studying abroad in China, it is concluded that the policy of studying abroad is from equilibrium to imbalance, from imbalance to innovation, and then by innovation to create a new and balanced basic law of change. History follows the regular regular changes of natural change, and the same reason, the policy of studying abroad in China has also experienced a preliminary establishment of policy. Paragraph (1949-1956), policy exploration and implementation stage (1956-1966), policy zigzag stagnation stage (1966-1977), policy recovery adjustment phase (1978-1992) and the development stage of policy norms (1993-). The main research content of the basic path of the policy changes in China's study abroad is made up of the main contents of the third chapters. The history of the study is for a better face. In the future, the process of the policy change of studying abroad in China is to sum up the basic rules of the policy change of studying abroad, the general reasons and the main achievements, so that the relevant government departments can formulate more reasonable policy of studying abroad. The problem of weak personnel management link, the problem of loopholes in the implementation of policy and the low level of internationalization of policy, the article points out that the value structure of policy changes is too single, lack of correct grasp of the law of policy change, lack of scientific understanding of the motive force of policy change, lack of systematic study on the process of policy change and participation in politics. The main cause of the above problems is the main reason that the main structure of the policy change is not reasonable, and the analysis of the above problems and the reasons is the main content of the fourth chapter. In order to find the main measures to promote the new balance of the policy of studying abroad in China, the fifth chapter puts forward five concrete measures, that is to reshape the value target structure of the policy, We should pay full attention to the practical significance of policy learning, grasp the dynamic factors of policy changes scientifically, accurately grasp the basic process of policy changes, and improve the institutional mechanism of the stakeholder participation in policy changes. The proposed measures will not have an impact on the decision-making level of the government's core study abroad, but at least it can provide the relevant decision makers with value. Reference resources.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：東北師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號(hào)】：G648.9;G529

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