發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-05-30 02:42

  本文選題：墓地 + 類人身　； 參考：《中央財(cái)經(jīng)大學(xué)》2016年博士論文

【摘要】：本文的基本命題為:我國(guó)宜構(gòu)建物權(quán)性墓地使用權(quán)制度。本文的研究重點(diǎn)在于墓地保護(hù)的民法機(jī)理與物權(quán)性墓地使用權(quán)的構(gòu)建,進(jìn)而探究墓地保護(hù)的歷史源流,探討墓地的權(quán)利屬性優(yōu)劣,評(píng)析當(dāng)前墓地現(xiàn)狀及其糾紛的緣由。經(jīng)由此項(xiàng)研究,嘗試回答四個(gè)子問(wèn)題:墓地保護(hù)的歷史正當(dāng)性為何?墓地保護(hù)的民法機(jī)理何在?物權(quán)性墓地使用權(quán)的優(yōu)越性為何?物權(quán)性墓地使用權(quán)制度應(yīng)如何構(gòu)建?第一章為緒論。該章對(duì)本文選題的緣由及其意義作了析明,并分別梳理、歸納了在人格和財(cái)產(chǎn)的不同視角下,中外學(xué)界對(duì)于墓地民法保護(hù)所涉內(nèi)容的研究現(xiàn)狀。同時(shí),為使本文論證邏輯順當(dāng)、結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn),限定了本文的研究對(duì)象并歸納了論文的主要研究方法。第二章探究墓地的緣起和演變的歷史過(guò)程。論述層面分為法律制度與法律思想兩大層次,俾與后三章前后呼應(yīng),擬一氣展現(xiàn)我國(guó)古代墓地制度變遷之脈絡(luò),并立足于歷史學(xué)、考古學(xué)、人類學(xué)和民俗學(xué)的外部視角,抽象人格因素在墓地制度演變進(jìn)程中的表現(xiàn)與作用,以論證墓地保護(hù)的歷史正當(dāng)性。本章亦致力發(fā)掘傳統(tǒng)墓葬文化對(duì)國(guó)家治理的基本政策之影響,提示墓地保護(hù)的歷史必然性。同時(shí),亦探尋至今可借鑒的中國(guó)化制度資源。第三章論述墓地保護(hù)的民法機(jī)理。此章節(jié)系墓地保護(hù)的法理基礎(chǔ),論證墓地保護(hù)的合理性,分為兩個(gè)部分進(jìn)行論述。其一,評(píng)析死者有形人身遺存的法律屬性。通過(guò)歷史的、邏輯的、倫理的和法釋義學(xué)的綜合考量,可以得出,死者有形人身遺存蘊(yùn)含著人性倫理要素,即人類作為物種享有的人類尊嚴(yán),由此,該客體不可交易但可移轉(zhuǎn),具有專屬性,可準(zhǔn)用人身的規(guī)則,屬于類人身。同時(shí),將絕對(duì)身份權(quán)和人類尊嚴(yán)納入到死者有形人身遺存的權(quán)益構(gòu)造中,并通過(guò)建立和運(yùn)用“人類尊嚴(yán)緊密度原則”,不但能夠較好地修正傳統(tǒng)民法人物二分理論在解釋因死者人身遺骸產(chǎn)生的人體生物利用與人性倫理之間價(jià)值沖突時(shí)的不足,而且有助于證成墓地的法律屬性。其二,評(píng)析墓地的法律屬性。在民法人文主義的情懷下,具體人的領(lǐng)域向財(cái)產(chǎn)擴(kuò)張,墓地因死者的人身遺骸而具有人格因素。該人格因素是基于何種緣由可得到民法的承認(rèn)與保護(hù)?該問(wèn)題貫穿論述始終,通過(guò)對(duì)民法人文情懷的演進(jìn)與精神損害賠償?shù)膶?shí)質(zhì)分析,筆者認(rèn)為“人格物”系墓地的法律屬性。該章為后續(xù)章節(jié)的研究提供了現(xiàn)代民法理論預(yù)案。第四章辨析墓地的權(quán)利屬性,以此論證物權(quán)性墓地使用權(quán)的優(yōu)越性。鑒于土地制度的復(fù)雜性,我國(guó)墓地上所有權(quán)與使用權(quán)并存。墓地作為客體的法律屬性僅能表明對(duì)其保護(hù)的合理性,而從本章對(duì)墓地上的土地使用權(quán)屬性的優(yōu)劣比較分析可知,債權(quán)性墓地使用權(quán)在對(duì)墓地所有權(quán)的限制、權(quán)利期限、征收補(bǔ)償、權(quán)利轉(zhuǎn)讓等方面存在較大的缺陷,尚不能支撐對(duì)墓地的有效保護(hù),物權(quán)性墓地使用權(quán)有較好的保護(hù)效果。該章系構(gòu)建物權(quán)性墓地使用權(quán)的理論基礎(chǔ)。第五章反思我國(guó)墓地保護(hù)的現(xiàn)狀,以此揭示墓地保護(hù)的現(xiàn)實(shí)可行性,在此基礎(chǔ)上提出構(gòu)建物權(quán)性墓地使用權(quán)的合理方案。該章的論證與實(shí)證分析方法緊密結(jié)合,始終聯(lián)系我國(guó)墓地制度的行政、司法和民俗現(xiàn)實(shí),將現(xiàn)有墓地分為兩類四種,即私人墓地與公共墓地兩大類,通過(guò)尋回被“遺忘”的墓地權(quán)利、歸整司法案例和行政實(shí)踐經(jīng)驗(yàn)、發(fā)現(xiàn)民間習(xí)慣,為墓地使用權(quán)制度的構(gòu)建提供現(xiàn)實(shí)性基礎(chǔ)。墓地使用權(quán)的構(gòu)建系基于上述各章與本章前段的論證。當(dāng)前,可利用民法解釋學(xué)將墓地使用權(quán)解釋為建設(shè)用地使用權(quán)的特殊類別,以彌補(bǔ)現(xiàn)有規(guī)定的不足。民法典制定時(shí),一方面可確立習(xí)慣的民法法源地位以規(guī)制歷史上的私人墓地,另一方面在用益物權(quán)中確立墓地使用權(quán)以適用公共墓地,以此以協(xié)調(diào)和消除墓地上的權(quán)益沖突。第六章為結(jié)論。該章系對(duì)本文主要觀點(diǎn)和主要貢獻(xiàn)的總結(jié),同時(shí)對(duì)基于本文的下一步研究方向做出了說(shuō)明。本文二、三、四、五章亦為各主要觀點(diǎn)的獨(dú)立論證單元,各觀點(diǎn)之間具有邏輯遞進(jìn)關(guān)系,基于人格和財(cái)產(chǎn)的視角的論證思路為各章融合的中心鏈條,如此可構(gòu)成較為完整的墓地民法保護(hù)研究。
[Abstract]:The basic proposition of this article is: our country should construct the right system of right to use the cemetery. This paper focuses on the civil law mechanism of the cemetery protection and the construction of the right to use the real right graveyard, then explores the historical origin of the cemetery protection, explores the right and bad of the cemetery, and evaluates the origin of the status of the former cemetery and its disputes. To answer the four sub questions: what is the historical legitimacy of the cemetery protection? What is the civil law mechanism of the cemetery protection? What is the superiority of the right to use the real right graveyard? How should the system of the right to use the real right graveyard be constructed? The first chapter is the introduction. At the same time, the Chinese and foreign scholars have studied the present situation of the civil law protection of the cemetery. At the same time, in order to make the argument logical, the structure is strict, the research object of this article is limited and the main research method of the paper is summed up. The second chapter explores the origin and the historical process of the cemetery. The discussion is divided into legal system. There are two levels of degree and legal thought, which should be echoed with the latter three chapters. It is intended to show the context of the evolution of the ancient cemetery system in China, and based on the external perspective of history, archaeology, anthropology and folklore, the expression and function of abstract personality factors in the evolution process of the cemetery system, in order to demonstrate the historical legitimacy of the cemetery protection. To explore the influence of the traditional tomb culture on the basic policy of national governance, the historical inevitability of the conservation of the cemetery. At the same time, the Chinese system resources which can be used for reference are also explored. The third chapter discusses the civil law mechanism of the cemetery protection. This chapter is the legal basis of the cemetery protection, and discusses the rationality of the protection of the cemetery. It is divided into two parts. First, it evaluates the legal attributes of the dead body of the deceased. Through the comprehensive consideration of historical, logical, ethical and legal interpretations, it can be concluded that the body remains of the dead contain human ethical elements, that is, human dignity enjoyed by the human beings as a species, and this object can not be traded but can be transferred, with special properties, At the same time, the absolute identity and human dignity are incorporated into the rights and interests of the dead body, and by establishing and applying the principle of "strict density of human dignity", the two points theory of traditional civil law characters can not only be well amended to explain the human biological benefits of the remains of the dead. The inadequacy of the conflict between the value of the ethics of human nature and the legal attribute of the cemetery. Secondly, to evaluate the legal attributes of the cemetery. Under the humanistic sentiments of the civil law, the specific person's field is expanded to the property, and the cemetery has a personality factor because of the remains of the deceased. The issue of recognition and protection? This issue runs through the discussion. Through the analysis of the evolution of human feelings in civil law and the substantial analysis of the compensation for spiritual damage, the author believes that the "personality" is the legal attribute of the cemetery. This chapter provides a modern civil law theoretical plan for the study of the subsequent chapters. The fourth chapter analyzes the rights and attributes of the cemetery, so as to demonstrate the real property tombs. The superiority of the land use right. In view of the complexity of the land system, the ownership of the cemetery in China coexists with the right to use it. The legal attribute of the cemetery as the object can only show the rationality of its protection, and the use right of the cemetery is limited to the ownership of the cemetery from the analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of this chapter on the property of the land use right on the cemetery. There are great defects in the period of right, compensation and transfer of rights. It can not support the effective protection of the cemetery, and the right to use the real right graveyard has a good protective effect. This chapter is the theoretical basis for the construction of the right to use the real right graveyard. The fifth chapter rethinks the present situation of the conservation of the cemetery in China so as to reveal the practical feasibility of the cemetery protection. On this basis, a reasonable scheme for the construction of the right to use the real right graveyard is put forward. The demonstration of this chapter is closely combined with the empirical analysis method. It always links the administrative, judicial and folk realities of the cemetery system in China, and divides the existing cemetery into two categories, four types, namely, the private cemetery and the public cemetery, and return the right to the "forgotten" cemetery by retrieving the rights of the "forgotten" cemetery. The establishment of the right to use the cemetery is based on the above chapters and the preceding paragraph. The right to use the cemetery can be interpreted as a special category of the right to use the construction land in order to make up for the existing provisions. On the one hand, the civil code system can be established to regulate the private cemetery in history, on the other hand, to establish the right to use the cemetery in the usufructuary right to apply the public cemetery, in order to coordinate and eliminate the conflict of rights and interests on the cemetery. The sixth chapter is the conclusion. This chapter is the main point of view and the main contribution of this chapter. The two, three, four, and five chapters of this paper are the independent demonstration units of the main points of view, and there is a logical progressive relationship between the various views. The argument based on the perspective of personality and property is the central chain of integration of the various chapters, thus forming a more complete civil law protection of the cemetery. Research.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中央財(cái)經(jīng)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號(hào)】：D923.2
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本文編號(hào)：1953574