本文選題：馬克思 + 施泰因　； 參考：《清華大學(xué)》2016年博士論文

【摘要】：近年來(lái)對(duì)青年馬克思思想形成過(guò)程以及不同思想資源在這一過(guò)程中所起到的作用的研究,仍然是我國(guó)馬克思主義研究中的熱點(diǎn)問(wèn)題。目前,從政治經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)、德國(guó)古典哲學(xué)、青年黑格爾派等角度展開(kāi)的討論比較多,而關(guān)于法國(guó)社會(huì)主義、共產(chǎn)主義的思想和實(shí)踐如何啟發(fā)了馬克思的研究尚不充分。德國(guó)學(xué)者施泰因(Lorenz von Stein)1842年出版的著作《今日法國(guó)的社會(huì)主義與共產(chǎn)主義》,最早向德意志學(xué)界系統(tǒng)性地介紹了法國(guó)的社會(huì)主義和共產(chǎn)主義以及社會(huì)和無(wú)產(chǎn)階級(jí)等概念,為德意志學(xué)界開(kāi)出了一個(gè)以社會(huì)概念為核心的新的問(wèn)題域。馬克思與他同時(shí)代的許多青年學(xué)者一樣,在一定程度上受到了施泰因的啟發(fā)。研究施泰因在這一著作中構(gòu)建的社會(huì)概念,并與馬克思社會(huì)概念的形成過(guò)程進(jìn)行比較,可能是進(jìn)一步討論法國(guó)社會(huì)主義和共產(chǎn)主義對(duì)馬克思思想形成的具體影響的一個(gè)重要線索。面對(duì)從傳統(tǒng)社會(huì)向工業(yè)社會(huì)轉(zhuǎn)變及由此引發(fā)的結(jié)構(gòu)性社會(huì)危機(jī)和階級(jí)斗爭(zhēng),19世紀(jì)40年代德意志學(xué)界興起了理解社會(huì)的諸多理論嘗試。馬克思和施泰因是其中兩種具有代表性的思路。馬克思認(rèn)為,現(xiàn)代工業(yè)資本主義包含著無(wú)法克服的內(nèi)在矛盾,終將引發(fā)無(wú)產(chǎn)階級(jí)革命,無(wú)產(chǎn)階級(jí)將消滅生產(chǎn)資料的私人所有,國(guó)家作為虛幻的共同體終將消滅,人類(lèi)將進(jìn)入更高的自由狀態(tài)。而在施泰因看來(lái),以私人所有為基礎(chǔ)的社會(huì)分化無(wú)法被徹底消滅,國(guó)家作為調(diào)節(jié)社會(huì)分化加劇的機(jī)制,應(yīng)當(dāng)盡可能為社會(huì)階層的流動(dòng)創(chuàng)造條件,使每個(gè)個(gè)體的人格性得到最充分的實(shí)現(xiàn)。由此施泰因成為德國(guó)實(shí)證社會(huì)學(xué)和社會(huì)國(guó)(Sozialstaat)(即福利國(guó)家)思想的奠基人。探究?jī)晌凰枷爰覍?duì)于現(xiàn)代工業(yè)社會(huì)的不同洞察,有助于理解我們今天所處的時(shí)代和社會(huì)狀況。本文通過(guò)翻譯和研究以往中文文獻(xiàn)中涉及不多的施泰因的德文原著,經(jīng)過(guò)文本解讀和概念辨析,有效地避免了既有研究中存在的,由于將不同時(shí)期、不同文本中的馬克思與施泰因混同起來(lái)進(jìn)行比較,而導(dǎo)致的含混和模糊。本文認(rèn)為,第一,以往對(duì)于馬克思和施泰因的社會(huì)概念的研究常常訴諸于他們共同的黑格爾背景。但是在很大程度上馬克思的社會(huì)概念繼承和揚(yáng)棄了黑格爾市民社會(huì)的理論結(jié)構(gòu);而在施泰因的社會(huì)概念中,源自德國(guó)歷史法學(xué)派的實(shí)證主義和歷史主義的因素可能起到了更具建構(gòu)性的作用。第二,雖然馬克思最早可能是通過(guò)施泰因這個(gè)中介,接觸和理解社會(huì)、無(wú)產(chǎn)階級(jí)、社會(huì)主義、共產(chǎn)主義的概念,在《巴黎手稿》之前在一定程度上受到施泰因的影響,但是二者的社會(huì)概念由于其背后哲學(xué)理念的差異,最終走上了不同的道路,形成了截然不同的體系。
[Abstract]:In recent years, the study of the process of the formation of young Marx's thought and the role of different ideological resources in this process is still a hot issue in the study of Marx's doctrine in China. At present, much discussion has been made from the angles of political economics, German classical philosophy, and young Hagel school. The idea and practice of production inspired Marx's study. The German scholar Shi Taiyin (Lorenz von Stein), published in 1842, "socialism and communism in France", introduced the concepts of socialism and communism, as well as the society and the proletariat, to the German community. A new problem domain with the core of the social concept was opened for the German community. Marx, like many young scholars of his contemporaries, was inspired by steinin to a certain extent. The study of the social concept built by steinen in this work and compared with the formation process of Marx's social concept may be an advance. It is an important clue to discuss the concrete influence of French socialism and communism on the formation of Marx's thought. In the face of the structural social crisis and class struggle from the traditional society to the industrial society and the resulting structural social crisis and the class struggle, in 1840s, many theoretical attempts to understand the society were sprang up by the German scholars. Marx and steinin were Two of them have representative ideas. Marx believes that modern industrial capitalism contains insuperable internal contradictions, which will eventually lead to the proletarian revolution. The proletariat will eliminate the private ownership of production materials. The state will eventually be eliminated as an illusory community and human beings will enter a higher state of freedom. The social differentiation based on private ownership can not be completely eliminated. As a mechanism to regulate the intensification of social differentiation, the state should create conditions for the flow of social strata as far as possible to make the personality of each individual get the most fully realized. Thus, Steiner has become a German positivist sociology and social state (Sozialstaat) (the welfare state) thought. The study of the different insights between the two thinkers in modern industrial society helps to understand the times and social conditions we are in today. Because of the confusion and ambiguity between Marx and steinin in different periods and different texts, it leads to ambiguity and ambiguity. First, the previous study of the social concept of Marx and steinin often resorts to their common Hagel background. But to a great extent, Marx's social concept inherits and develops. The theoretical structure of Hagel's civil society has been abandoned; in the social concept of steinen, the positivism and Historicism from the German Historical School of history may have played a more constructive role. Second, although Marx may first be through the intermediary of Steiner, the contact and understanding of the society, the proletariat, the socialism, and the Communist Party are in common. The concept of production doctrine was influenced by steinin to some extent before the Paris manuscript, but the social concept of the two came to a different path and formed a completely different system because of the differences in philosophical ideas behind it.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：清華大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：A81;D032
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本文編號(hào)：1788716