本文選題：馬克思 + 正義觀　； 參考：《中國社會科學(xué)院研究生院》2016年博士論文

【摘要】：正義是一個價值問題。以價值問題為研究對象的價值哲學(xué)能夠為馬克思正義觀的詮釋提供一種方法論的借鑒。在價值論的視域中,馬克思的正義觀所面臨的結(jié)構(gòu)性的問題是:馬克思的正義觀是站在誰的價值立場上,從誰的利益、需要出發(fā)的,做出了怎樣的價值評判和價值選擇,并通過怎樣的途徑實現(xiàn)正義的價值理想。馬克思正義觀中可能存在的價值主體包括:一是作為微觀主體的“現(xiàn)實的個人”。實現(xiàn)了由神或抽象概念主持正義到由人來裁奪正義的轉(zhuǎn)變,把正義問題在主體層面上的主動性和自覺性還給了“人本身”。也促使我們重新思考主體的本性、利益、需要、目的、情緒、情感、意志、能力和素質(zhì)等因素,在正義這一價值的形成、結(jié)構(gòu)和評價中的作用。二是社會層面的“先進(jìn)階級”。馬克思始終站在無產(chǎn)階級的價值立場上,審視資本主義雇傭勞動關(guān)系中這一價值主體的社會處境,并且用無產(chǎn)階級革命的“精神武器”激勵著無產(chǎn)階級自我解放意識的覺醒,指導(dǎo)他們進(jìn)行徹底的社會革命。三是國家層面的“社會有機(jī)體”。任何一個時代的“正義的主體”都寓于特定文明歷史延續(xù)的實踐行動之中,是特定社會生產(chǎn)和生活方式的“歷史生成”。正義這種“時代精神”是在社會有機(jī)體的土壤中被蘊(yùn)育出來的,它植根歷史,面向未來。遵循一種價值論的視角解讀馬克思的正義思想,我們可以看到,作為一種價值關(guān)系的正義是在歷史性的視域中提出來的、是對人的自由發(fā)展和自我實現(xiàn)的價值追求。它在馬克思的哲學(xué)中體現(xiàn)在兩個層面中,即對象世界中人與自然關(guān)系層面、社會歷史領(lǐng)域中人與人之間的社會關(guān)系層面。研究造成這些非正義現(xiàn)象的社會歷史原因,能夠發(fā)現(xiàn)對正義起雙重作用的分工等實踐活動因素的重要影響。從價值學(xué)的視角來看,在對自由主義正義觀、資產(chǎn)階級永恒正義觀、庸俗社會主義分配正義觀的批判中,在對共產(chǎn)主義和人的解放的價值構(gòu)想中,對馬克思思想的正義觀發(fā)掘能夠逐步實現(xiàn)邏輯上的深入和升華,并體現(xiàn)出其在內(nèi)容上、立場上、方法論上的超越性和價值境界。馬克思的正義概念絕不僅僅是描述性的,它是具有規(guī)范性的力量。馬克思不僅以一種科學(xué)的態(tài)度來分析社會歷史事件,同樣也以一種評價的方式來看待現(xiàn)實社會生活中出現(xiàn)的價值事實,以辯證法的方法來把握價值問題的變化和發(fā)展。他對非正義事實的描述中蘊(yùn)含著對如何克服、揚(yáng)棄它的價值思考。就正義是一種應(yīng)得而言,實現(xiàn)“物”應(yīng)當(dāng)為勞動所得,消除不合理的分工,消滅私有制,實現(xiàn)社會生產(chǎn)關(guān)系的全面正義;就正義是一種應(yīng)當(dāng)而言,實現(xiàn)“人”應(yīng)當(dāng)自由全面發(fā)展,超越資產(chǎn)階級的政治解放,克服人的異化,在自由人的聯(lián)合體中,實現(xiàn)人與自然的關(guān)系中、與社會的關(guān)系中的全面解放。
[Abstract]:Justice is a question of value. The value philosophy, which takes the value problem as the object of study, can provide a methodological reference for the interpretation of Marx's view of justice. In the field of value theory, the structural problems faced by Marx's view of justice are: what kind of value judgment and value choice Marx's view of justice is based on, from whose interests and needs, And through what way to achieve the value of justice ideal. The possible value subjects in Marx's view of justice include: first, the "realistic individual" as the micro-subject. It realizes the transformation from the concept of God or abstract to justice by man, and gives back to "man itself" the initiative and consciousness of justice at the subject level. It also urges us to reconsider the nature, interest, need, purpose, emotion, emotion, will, ability and quality of the subject in the formation, structure and evaluation of the value of justice. Second, the social level of the "advanced class." Marx always stood on the value standpoint of the proletariat, examined the social situation of this value subject in the capitalist wage labor relations, and used the "spiritual weapon" of the proletarian revolution to inspire the awakening of the proletarian consciousness of self-emancipation. Guide them to a radical social revolution. Third, the "social organism" at the national level. The subject of justice in any era is the historical generation of the production and life style of a particular society. The "spirit of the times" of justice is nurtured in the soil of social organism, which is rooted in history and faces the future. From the perspective of value theory, we can see that justice, as a kind of value relation, is put forward in the historical field of view, and it is the value pursuit of human's free development and self-realization. It is embodied in Marx's philosophy at two levels, namely, the relationship between man and nature in the object world, and the social relationship between man and man in the field of social history. By studying the social and historical causes of these injustices, we can find the important influence of practical factors such as division of labor, which plays a dual role in justice. From the perspective of value theory, in the criticism of liberalism, bourgeois eternal justice, vulgar socialist distribution justice, and the value conception of communism and human liberation, Exploring the view of justice of Marx's thought can gradually realize the logical deepening and sublimation, and embody its transcendence and value realm in content, position and methodology. Marx's concept of justice is not merely descriptive, it has normative power. Marx not only analyzed the social historical events with a scientific attitude, but also looked at the value facts in the real social life in a way of evaluation, and grasped the change and development of the value problem by the dialectical method. His description of unjust facts contains the value of how to overcome and discard it. As far as justice is a right, the realization of "thing" should be for the income of labor, eliminate the unreasonable division of labor, eliminate private ownership, and realize the comprehensive justice of social relations of production; as far as justice is concerned, The realization of "man" should be free and all-round development, transcend bourgeois political liberation, overcome human alienation, and realize the full liberation in the relationship between man and nature and society in the association of free people.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國社會科學(xué)院研究生院
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號】：A81
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本文編號：1780693