本文選題：法律起源　切入點：進化動力學(xué)　出處：《北京林業(yè)大學(xué)》2017年博士后論文

【摘要】：本文采用進化生物學(xué)(進化動力學(xué))方法研究法律的起源,揭示一般意義上的法律現(xiàn)象在人類歷史中的進化起源過程,并在法律起源的進化生物學(xué)解釋框架中重新審視法律與道德的關(guān)系、法學(xué)數(shù)學(xué)化以及進化法理學(xué)等法學(xué)與生物學(xué)交叉研究論題。法律起源研究是觀察和探討一切現(xiàn)代法律現(xiàn)象的前提,是法理學(xué)的基礎(chǔ)問題之一。不同法學(xué)流派以及哲學(xué)、人類學(xué)、社會學(xué)或心理學(xué)等學(xué)科都對這一問題提出了不同的解釋,但至今仍無法取得共識。如果仍然局限于傳統(tǒng)研究范式,其研究取得重大進展的可能性已經(jīng)不大。生物進化既包括有機體進化,也包括文化進化,二者均為進化生物學(xué)的研究對象。法律是一種文化現(xiàn)象,而文化現(xiàn)象至少1,400萬年前就已在生物界中出現(xiàn)并進化至今,因此法律必定脫胎于文化進化史的某個階段,這就為在法律起源問題研究中引入進化生物學(xué)范式提供了可能。數(shù)百萬年來人類一直生活于小型的“狩獵-采集者”社會,并形成了與之相適應(yīng)的“石器時代心靈”,其社會規(guī)則主要由親緣選擇、直接互惠、間接互惠、網(wǎng)絡(luò)選擇、群體選擇和強互惠等進化動力學(xué)機制塑造并呈現(xiàn)自發(fā)演化狀態(tài)。約1.1萬年前全新世之初的農(nóng)業(yè)起源導(dǎo)致人類社會規(guī)模迅速擴大,但上述進化動力學(xué)機制由于人的社會認知能力局限性等原因而無法為大型社會提供足夠支撐。這一進化兩難命題促使人類社會演化出強互惠者聯(lián)盟,由它塑造的社會規(guī)則具有第三方性、非自發(fā)性和權(quán)威性等最低限度的法律特征。在動態(tài)的進化博弈視角中,小型社會不存在法律但對于大型社會法律卻不可或缺,因此法律的起源就可轉(zhuǎn)化為最早的持久性大型社會何時、何地以及如何在人類歷史上出現(xiàn)的問題。從目前的考古進展來看,世界上最早的法律很可能約10,300年前至約9,300年前起源于亞洲西部的古代黎凡特社會。法律起源的進化生物學(xué)解釋為重新理解法律與道德的關(guān)系提供了啟示。20世紀50年代的“哈特-富勒”論戰(zhàn)堪稱法學(xué)史上的一座里程碑,在國內(nèi)外法學(xué)界引發(fā)了大量回應(yīng)性文獻,但迄今人們?nèi)晕茨芫推渲黝}——法律與道德的關(guān)系取得共識。進化生物學(xué)既研究有機體進化也研究文化進化,而法律與道德均屬文化現(xiàn)象,因而可采用進化生物學(xué)方法予以研究。通過靜態(tài)與動態(tài)的二元區(qū)分,在更廣闊的文化進化大背景之中重新審視二者之間的關(guān)系,將會發(fā)現(xiàn)在靜態(tài)上法律與道德并無必然的聯(lián)系,但在動態(tài)上法律的演化仍然要服從某種更高的進化法則,由此在進化生物學(xué)的視野中獲得關(guān)于“哈特-富勒”論戰(zhàn)的全新理解。法律起源的進化生物學(xué)解釋為法學(xué)數(shù)學(xué)化進程開辟了新路徑。法學(xué)數(shù)學(xué)化的模式主要包括數(shù)學(xué)對法學(xué)的觀念影響、數(shù)學(xué)在法學(xué)的直接應(yīng)用以及數(shù)學(xué)通過其他學(xué)科在法學(xué)的間接應(yīng)用,系統(tǒng)科學(xué)、行為科學(xué)、統(tǒng)計學(xué)、經(jīng)濟學(xué)以及博弈論等是第三種模式的典型路徑并大致分為計量法學(xué)與數(shù)理法學(xué)兩個方向。進化生物學(xué)一直對法學(xué)有重要影響,通過把法律視為廣義的進化現(xiàn)象并對法律進化的單位、法律的小進化和大進化以及法律進化的近因和遠因等予以厘清,作為進化生物學(xué)數(shù)學(xué)化最新成果的進化動力學(xué)可被引入法學(xué)研究并能整合法學(xué)中的數(shù)學(xué)思想與進化思想。法律的進化動力學(xué)分析是繼法律的博弈分析之后法學(xué)數(shù)學(xué)化的新路徑,同樣以研究動態(tài)的法律現(xiàn)象為主但研究范圍更廣,采用微分和差分方程對法律起源過程的數(shù)學(xué)描述是其有力例證。法律起源的進化生物學(xué)解釋為進化法理學(xué)的未來發(fā)展奠定了基礎(chǔ)。前達爾文時代的西方法理學(xué)就已存在樸素的法律進化思想,但直到19世紀進化論的確立才導(dǎo)致了進化法理學(xué)的誕生。早期研究主要集中于探討法律進化理論,當前側(cè)重于進化論范式在具體法律問題中的應(yīng)用以及一般進化法理學(xué)的構(gòu)建等。盡管眾多法學(xué)家認同法律進化的思想,但進化法理學(xué)作為一個法學(xué)流派卻一直游離于西方法理學(xué)的中心地帶之外。法律是一種文化現(xiàn)象,借鑒現(xiàn)代進化生物學(xué)在文化進化研究中取得的最新進展,構(gòu)建基于文化進化的法律進化理論并以此為基礎(chǔ)整合進化法理學(xué),是進化法理學(xué)取得與其他進化社會科學(xué)類似成功的重要選擇之一。
[Abstract]:This paper uses evolutionary biology (evolutionary dynamics) method to study the origin of law, legal process reveals the evolutionary origin of the general sense of the phenomenon in human history, and evolutionary biology in the origin of law interpretation of the relationship between law and morality to examine in the framework of law, mathematical and evolutionary law and jurisprudence etc. biology research topics. The origin of law is the premise to observe and discuss all modern legal phenomenon, is one of the basic issues of jurisprudence. Different schools of law, philosophy, anthropology, sociology and psychology disciplines have put forward different explanation for this problem, but is still unable to reach a consensus. If it is still confined to the traditional research paradigm, the possibility research significant progress has not. Biological evolution includes organic evolution, including the evolution of culture, the two are the research of evolutionary biology Object. The law is a kind of cultural phenomenon and cultural phenomenon, at least 14 million years ago in the biological world and has evolved, so the law must be based on the evolutionary history of a culture stage, which is introduced in the research paradigm of evolutionary biology in the origin of law provides to mankind has been living in small. "Hunter gatherers" Society for millions of years, and formed the "Stone Age" of the heart, the social rules mainly by kin selection, direct reciprocity and indirect reciprocity, network selection, group selection and strong reciprocity mechanism and has shaped the evolutionary dynamics of spontaneous evolution. The origin of agriculture about 11 thousand years ago at the beginning of the Holocene human society lead to the rapid expansion of the scale, but the evolutionary dynamics mechanism because of the social cognitive ability limitations and other reasons cannot provide enough support to the large society. The evolutionary dilemma made human society evolved strong reciprocity by the alliance, it shapes the social rules with third party, legal characteristics of non spontaneous and authoritative minimum. In the evolutionary game theory from the perspective of dynamic, small law society does not exist but indispensable for large social law, so the origin of the law can be transformed when is the earliest large persistent social problems, where and how they appear in human history. From the current progress of the archaeological point of view, the world's first law is likely to be about 10300 years ago to about 9300 years ago originated in Western Asia ancient Levant society. Evolutionary biology explanation for the origin of law the relationship between re understanding of law and morality provides the inspiration.20 century 50s "Hart Fuller" controversy is a milepost in legal history, in the domestic and foreign law circles caused a lot of back Of literature, but so far it is still not the theme of the relationship between law and moral consensus. Both the evolutionary biology of organism evolution of cultural evolution, and law and moral are cultural phenomenon, which can be used to study methods of evolutionary biology. By distinguishing between static and dynamic two yuan, to re-examine the relationship between the cultural background of the broader evolution among the two, will be found in the static state and the moral law does not necessarily linked, but in the dynamic evolution of law still have to obey some higher laws of evolution, thus obtained a new understanding about the "Hart Fuller" controversy in evolutionary biology field. Opened up a new the path of evolutionary biology explanation for the origin of law of law of mathematics mathematical model. The process of law mainly includes the influence of the legal concept of mathematics, mathematics in law should be directly And mathematics from other disciplines in the indirect application of law, system science, behavioral science, statistics, economics and the game theory is a typical path of the third models is divided into measurement Law and mathematical law in two directions. Evolutionary biology has important influence on the law, the law as a generalized evolutionary phenomenon and the law of evolution of the unit, the law of evolution and evolution of small and the law of evolution of the proximate and remote to clarify the evolutionary dynamics of evolutionary biology mathematics as the latest achievements can be introduced into legal research and integration of mathematical thinking and thought of evolution law. The evolutionary dynamics analysis of law is the law of mathematics new path after the game analysis of law, similarly to the legal phenomenon of dynamic research but research more broadly, the differential and difference equations on the origin of law process The mathematical description is a powerful example of evolutionary biology. The origin of law laid the foundation for the future development of the evolutionary interpretation of jurisprudence. Western jurisprudence before Darwin had legal evolutionary thought simple, but established until nineteenth Century evolution has led to the birth of the evolution of jurisprudence. Early studies mainly focus on the theory of legal evolution. The current focus on the evolutionary paradigm in the application of specific legal issues in the construction and evolution of jurisprudence. Although many jurists agree that the law thought of evolution, but the heart of the evolution of jurisprudence as a law school has been free from the western jurisprudence. The law is a kind of cultural phenomenon, the latest development of modern evolutionary biology in the study of cultural evolution, cultural evolution law based on evolution theory and on the basis of the integration of evolutionary theory Learning is one of the important choices of evolutionary jurisprudence to achieve similar successes to other evolutionary social sciences.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：北京林業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士后
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：D90

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