本文選題：職業(yè)安全權(quán)　切入點(diǎn)：勞動(dòng)法　出處：《吉林大學(xué)》2016年博士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：產(chǎn)業(yè)革命以來(lái),職業(yè)災(zāi)害的預(yù)防和消解成為勞動(dòng)生活的重要內(nèi)容。英國(guó)作為世界上第一個(gè)實(shí)現(xiàn)工業(yè)化的國(guó)家,在取得偉大成就的同時(shí)也付出了慘痛的代價(jià),工人們的勞動(dòng)環(huán)境不斷惡化,身體素質(zhì)持續(xù)下降,社會(huì)陷入混亂與動(dòng)蕩,勞動(dòng)者的職業(yè)安全成為重大問(wèn)題。19世紀(jì)上半葉的英國(guó)被稱為“一個(gè)犯罪暴力沖突四處蔓延難以遏制的時(shí)代”。改革開(kāi)放以來(lái),我國(guó)的經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)生了翻天覆地的變化:農(nóng)村勞動(dòng)力向城市轉(zhuǎn)移;勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)一體化趨勢(shì)明顯;新興產(chǎn)業(yè)蓬勃發(fā)展;勞動(dòng)者素質(zhì)不斷提高。這些新變化給勞動(dòng)者的職業(yè)安全權(quán)益保護(hù)提出新的挑戰(zhàn)。職業(yè)安全不僅關(guān)系勞動(dòng)者的生命與健康,涉及勞動(dòng)者的家庭幸福,更影響勞動(dòng)關(guān)系的和諧與社會(huì)的穩(wěn)定。目前,關(guān)于職業(yè)安全權(quán)的內(nèi)涵、外延、性質(zhì)、地位等法律問(wèn)題缺乏系統(tǒng)研究。為了進(jìn)一步保護(hù)勞動(dòng)者群體的職業(yè)安全,減少工業(yè)化的負(fù)面效應(yīng),有必要闡明職業(yè)安全權(quán)的基礎(chǔ)理論,探索更為科學(xué)合理的職業(yè)安全權(quán)法律保護(hù)機(jī)制。本文從職業(yè)安全權(quán)的解釋論入手,對(duì)職業(yè)安全權(quán)進(jìn)行了多元解讀。以職業(yè)安全衛(wèi)生立法的發(fā)展歷程為考察背景,可以看到職業(yè)安全權(quán)的產(chǎn)生并非一蹴而就,乃是需要社會(huì)因素的沉淀和積累。職業(yè)安全權(quán)的權(quán)利基礎(chǔ)問(wèn)題可以從權(quán)利的道德基礎(chǔ)、權(quán)利的經(jīng)濟(jì)基礎(chǔ)、權(quán)利的心理基礎(chǔ)和權(quán)利的法律基礎(chǔ)四個(gè)維度探尋答案。在明晰權(quán)利來(lái)源的基礎(chǔ)上,以“權(quán)利”的概念為線索,通過(guò)要素分析的方式探索職業(yè)安全權(quán)的概念與特征,將職業(yè)安全權(quán)界定為勞動(dòng)者依法享有的,以保障其人身安全和身心健康為目的,免受職場(chǎng)危險(xiǎn)因素侵害的權(quán)利。職業(yè)安全權(quán)的權(quán)利構(gòu)造決定了職業(yè)安全權(quán)的權(quán)能發(fā)揮。職業(yè)安全權(quán)的權(quán)利主體是勞動(dòng)者,義務(wù)主體是用人單位和國(guó)家,保護(hù)對(duì)象為勞動(dòng)者的人身權(quán)。當(dāng)勞動(dòng)者每享有一項(xiàng)職業(yè)安全具體權(quán)利時(shí),相應(yīng)地,用人單位就應(yīng)承擔(dān)一項(xiàng)職業(yè)安全具體義務(wù)。用人單位對(duì)勞動(dòng)者職業(yè)安全權(quán)的保護(hù)義務(wù)并不是與勞動(dòng)者忠誠(chéng)義務(wù)相對(duì)應(yīng)的附隨義務(wù),而是勞動(dòng)契約的主給付義務(wù)。職業(yè)安全權(quán)的權(quán)利系統(tǒng)并非靜止不動(dòng)而是運(yùn)動(dòng)變化的,在不同時(shí)代具體內(nèi)容不盡相同,但貫通其中的主線永遠(yuǎn)是勞動(dòng)者的人身安全。勞動(dòng)者職業(yè)安全保護(hù)的現(xiàn)實(shí)需要決定了職業(yè)安全權(quán)的法益構(gòu)成,隨著勞動(dòng)者保護(hù)理念和人權(quán)保障水平的不斷提升,勞動(dòng)者在職業(yè)勞動(dòng)中的心理健康也應(yīng)逐步納入職業(yè)安全權(quán)的保護(hù)范圍,職業(yè)安全權(quán)的法益構(gòu)成應(yīng)當(dāng)包含物質(zhì)性法益與精神法益。職業(yè)安全權(quán)的實(shí)現(xiàn)需要法律機(jī)制的有力保障。本文所討論的職業(yè)安全權(quán)的保障機(jī)制并非廣義上的,而是狹義上的,僅指具有事前防范意義的、積極的保障機(jī)制。職業(yè)安全權(quán)的保障機(jī)制包括規(guī)范時(shí)間環(huán)境的工作時(shí)間規(guī)則,治理空間環(huán)境的職業(yè)安全設(shè)施管理機(jī)制,以及阻卻職業(yè)勞動(dòng)危險(xiǎn)的抗辯權(quán)、避險(xiǎn)權(quán)與解除權(quán)機(jī)制。職業(yè)安全衛(wèi)生立法最初的內(nèi)容就是工作時(shí)間規(guī)范,這是因?yàn)檠娱L(zhǎng)工作時(shí)間是資本家剝削工人最基本、最重要的手段,相應(yīng)地,控制工作時(shí)間就成為保障勞動(dòng)者職業(yè)安全權(quán)的首要任務(wù)。調(diào)查顯示,我國(guó)各類企業(yè)中加班現(xiàn)象非常普遍,“身心俱疲”是許多勞動(dòng)者的真實(shí)寫照。法律規(guī)定的工時(shí)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)不可謂不先進(jìn),但落實(shí)情況卻不盡如人意,探索問(wèn)題的原因和解決之策是勞動(dòng)法學(xué)的任務(wù)之一。職業(yè)安全權(quán)的設(shè)施管理機(jī)制攸關(guān)勞動(dòng)者的安全與健康,進(jìn)一步落實(shí)和完善相關(guān)主體的管理義務(wù)是保證勞動(dòng)者職業(yè)安全權(quán)順利實(shí)現(xiàn)的基本要求。抗辯權(quán)、避險(xiǎn)權(quán)與解除權(quán)機(jī)制的功能是防范將要到來(lái)的危險(xiǎn)對(duì)勞動(dòng)者生命、健康、身體的傷害,我國(guó)勞動(dòng)立法明確肯定勞動(dòng)者的抗辯權(quán)、避險(xiǎn)權(quán)與解除權(quán)。職業(yè)安全權(quán)遭受侵犯后的救濟(jì)途徑有待明確。首先,勞動(dòng)者因職業(yè)勞動(dòng)遭受傷害,用人單位的工傷賠償責(zé)任屬于民事責(zé)任的范疇,具有侵權(quán)責(zé)任和違約責(zé)任的雙重性質(zhì),我國(guó)民事立法對(duì)勞動(dòng)者職業(yè)安全權(quán)的救濟(jì)力度不足,應(yīng)予加強(qiáng)。其次,工傷保險(xiǎn)機(jī)制是職業(yè)災(zāi)害事后補(bǔ)償?shù)闹匾獧C(jī)制,但我國(guó)的工傷保險(xiǎn)機(jī)制不論程序上還是內(nèi)容上均存在較大缺陷,不利于救濟(jì)功能的發(fā)揮。再次,職業(yè)安全權(quán)的實(shí)現(xiàn)需要各方的共同努力,職業(yè)安全公益訴訟機(jī)制的建立有助于社會(huì)力量參與到勞動(dòng)者職業(yè)安全保護(hù)中來(lái),但其可能性和必要性需要進(jìn)一步證成。最后,刑法是打擊犯罪最為嚴(yán)厲的法律手段,將刑法引入職業(yè)安全衛(wèi)生領(lǐng)域能有效遏制侵犯職業(yè)安全權(quán)的不良行為。我國(guó)刑法對(duì)勞動(dòng)者職業(yè)安全權(quán)的保護(hù)是通過(guò)設(shè)立和修改相關(guān)罪名實(shí)現(xiàn)的,一是重大勞動(dòng)安全事故罪,二是重大責(zé)任事故罪,三是強(qiáng)令違章冒險(xiǎn)作業(yè)罪,四是不報(bào)、謊報(bào)安全事故罪。職業(yè)安全權(quán)的發(fā)展方向是精神法益保護(hù)之強(qiáng)化。當(dāng)前,國(guó)際上關(guān)于勞動(dòng)者職業(yè)安全問(wèn)題的研究重心已經(jīng)逐漸從身體健康轉(zhuǎn)向心理健康。從權(quán)利發(fā)展的角度來(lái)看,職業(yè)安全權(quán)精神法益之強(qiáng)化將成為一個(gè)時(shí)代課題。為了更好地保護(hù)職業(yè)安全權(quán)的精神法益,必須努力消除影響精神法益實(shí)現(xiàn)的障礙因素。職場(chǎng)壓力、職場(chǎng)暴力和職場(chǎng)性騷擾是勞動(dòng)者精神法益保護(hù)面臨的三大問(wèn)題,會(huì)引發(fā)諸多不良后果:對(duì)勞動(dòng)者的不利影響包括生理和心理疾病、不良的生活習(xí)慣、消極的工作態(tài)度等;對(duì)企業(yè)的不利影響包括勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率的下降和經(jīng)濟(jì)成本的增加等;對(duì)社會(huì)的不利影響包括適齡勞動(dòng)力的流失、醫(yī)療資源的非必要支出等。為了應(yīng)對(duì)此類問(wèn)題,一些國(guó)家頒布了相關(guān)法律,對(duì)于我國(guó)勞動(dòng)者的職業(yè)安全權(quán)保護(hù)具有極大的借鑒意義。通過(guò)以上系統(tǒng)分析,本文得出結(jié)論:必須加強(qiáng)對(duì)勞動(dòng)者職業(yè)安全權(quán)的保障力度,這既是勞動(dòng)者生存和發(fā)展的需要,也是促進(jìn)勞動(dòng)關(guān)系和諧穩(wěn)定,增加社會(huì)福祉的必然選擇。
[Abstract]:Since the industrial revolution, the disaster prevention and resolution occupation has become an important part of life. The British labor as the first industrialized country in the world, the great achievements at the same time also paid a painful price, a worker's labor environment worsening, physical quality continued to decline, social chaos and unrest, the occupation safety of workers.19 has become a major problem in the first half of last century Britain was called "a crime of violence spread to curb era. Since the reform and opening up, happened to turn the world upside down changes in China's economy and society: rural labor transfer to the city; the trend of integration of labor market; booming new industry; continuously improve the quality of workers. These new changes bring new challenges to the protection of the rights and interests of workers. The occupation safety occupation security is not only the relationship between workers' life and health, and And their family happiness, social harmony and more influence of labor relations stability. At present, about the occupation security connotation, extension, characteristics, legal system research status. In order to further protect the lack of workers' occupation safety, reduce the negative effect of industrialization, it is necessary to clarify the basic theory of the right to an occupation. To explore a more scientific and reasonable occupation safety legal protection mechanism. The occupation safety on interpretation of the occupation safety of multiple interpretation. Taking the development of occupation safety and health legislation as the study background, you can see the occupation safety production is not overnight, but precipitation and accumulation of social factors right right. An occupation based from the moral basis of rights, the economic basis of rights, rights of the psychological basis and legal basis in four dimensions. Find the answer. Based on clear source of rights on the "right" concept as a clue, through factor analysis of the way to explore the concept and characteristics of an occupation of the right, the occupation safety is defined as enjoyed by the workers according to law, to ensure their safety and physical and mental health, workplace risk factors from encroaching on the right. An occupation rights structure solely determines the occupation safety power play. The subject of rights is solely an occupation workers, the main obligations of the employer and the state, target for the protection of personal rights of the workers. When the workers each have a specific occupation safety rights, accordingly, the employer should bear a a specific occupation safety obligations. The employer of workers occupation safety protection obligation is not full and the employee loyalty obligations corresponding to the collateral obligation, main payment obligation but the labor contract occupation. The right of the right system is not static but changes in different times, the specific content is not the same, but through the main line is always the personal safety of workers. The reality needs the protection of workers' occupation safety determines the occupation security law, with the workers and the level of protection of human rights protection idea constantly promotion of workers in the labor occupation in mental health should also be gradually incorporated into the scope of protection of the right to an occupation, occupation safety law which should contain material benefit and spiritual interests. Occupation security safeguard to realize legal mechanism. This is not an occupation guarantee mechanism of the right in general but, in the narrow sense, refers only to advance prevention significance, actively safeguard mechanism. An occupation time gauge safeguard mechanism of the right to the environment including the standard time, Occupation safety facilities management mechanism of governance of the space environment, and the anti occupation labor risk defense right, right and the right to terminate the hedging mechanism. The original content of the occupation safety and health legislation is the work time standard, this is because the extension of working hours is the exploitation of the workers the most basic, the most important means, accordingly, control the working hours has become the primary task of protecting workers' occupation safety authority. Survey shows that all kinds of enterprises in China to work overtime phenomenon is very common, "exhausted" is a true portrayal of many workers. The time standard law is advanced, but the implementation is not satisfactory, explore the cause of the problem and the solution is one of the labor law the task of safety and health occupation security facilities management mechanism about workers and management obligations to further implement and improve relevant subjects is the guarantee of labor The basic requirements of the smooth realization of the right of occupation safety. The right of defense, and the right to terminate the hedge right mechanism is to guard against the danger coming to life, health workers, physical injury, our labor legislation clearly affirmed the right of defense workers, hedge right and the right of rescission. Occupation safety relief after the infringement suffered to be clear. First, because of the occupation labor workers suffered injuries, with the compensation responsibility of the employer belongs to the category of civil obligation, with the dual nature of tort liability and liability for breach of contract, our civil legislation of occupation safety relief workers are inadequate and should be strengthened. Secondly, the industrial injury insurance system is an important mechanism of occupation compensation after disaster, but there are some defects of China's industrial injury insurance mechanism whether the program or content, is not conducive to the relief function. Thirdly, realizing the need of occupation The joint efforts of all parties, the establishment of occupation safety and public interest litigation mechanism contributes to social forces to participate in the occupation safety protection of workers in the past, but the necessity and possibility of further justification. Finally, the criminal law is the most strict legal means to combat crime, the criminal law is introduced into the field of occupation safety and health can effectively curb violations of occupation safety bad behavior. In criminal law of our country labor occupation safety right protection is achieved through the establishment and revision of the relevant charges, is a major labor safety accident crime, two is a major accident, the three chapter is forced against the dangerous crime, four is not reported about safety accident crime. An occupation development direction of the right is to strengthen the spirit of law. At present, the international research focus on employee occupation safety problems has been gradually from health to mental health from the perspective of the development of right, An enhanced full spirit of law occupation will become a topic of the times. In order to better protect the interests of the right spirit of an occupation, must try to eliminate the influence factors of the spirit of law implementation obstacles. Workplace stress, workplace violence and sexual harassment in the workplace is the three big problems of mental law faces, would lead to many adverse consequences: for workers including physiological and psychological disorders, bad habits, negative attitude towards work; the adverse effects of the enterprise including reduced labor productivity and economic costs increase; the adverse effects on society including labor loss, medical resources uncallable. In order to deal with this in some countries, the enactment of relevant laws, the Chinese workers occupation safety protection is of great significance. Through the above analysis, this paper draws a conclusion: will We must strengthen the protection of workers' occupational safety rights, which is not only the need for workers to survive and develop, but also the inevitable choice to promote harmonious and stable labor relations and increase social well-being.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：吉林大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號(hào)】：D922.54

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