本文選題：馬克思　切入點(diǎn)：費(fèi)爾巴哈　出處：《蘇州大學(xué)》2016年博士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：馬克思宗教觀是建立在辯證唯物主義和歷史唯物主義的科學(xué)世界觀和方法論的基礎(chǔ)之上的。馬克思對(duì)費(fèi)爾巴哈宗教觀既有繼承又有超越。馬克思宗教觀的轉(zhuǎn)變是一個(gè)漸進(jìn)的過程,由有神逐漸向無神、由唯心主義無神論向唯物主義無神論逐漸轉(zhuǎn)變,最終形成歷史唯物主義的宗教觀。馬克思宗教觀的哲學(xué)基礎(chǔ)是辯證唯物主義世界觀和歷史唯物主義世界觀。它具有豐富的思想資源。它批判繼承了黑格爾宗教觀、費(fèi)爾巴哈宗教觀、斯賓塞宗教觀、孟德斯鳩宗教觀,創(chuàng)立了辯證唯物主義和歷史唯物主義的宗教觀。馬克思宗教觀的內(nèi)容十分豐富,包括宗教的起源、宗教的本質(zhì)、宗教的功能和宗教的消亡等內(nèi)容。馬克思宗教觀具有對(duì)待宗教態(tài)度的歷史唯物性、審視宗教發(fā)展的辯證唯物性、開展宗教批判的革命實(shí)踐性、解析宗教功能的對(duì)立統(tǒng)一性等特點(diǎn)。他認(rèn)為宗教發(fā)展具有辯證唯物性,符合事物運(yùn)動(dòng)與變化、發(fā)展的規(guī)律。宗教不僅具有形成、存在、發(fā)展、消亡的歷史必然性,還具有宗教批判的革命實(shí)踐性和宗教功能的對(duì)立統(tǒng)一性,他認(rèn)為宗教既是人類的精神文明成果、社會(huì)穩(wěn)定劑,又是人民革命意志的麻醉劑,宗教消解著人民的革命性。費(fèi)爾巴哈宗教觀以人本主義和無神論為依據(jù)徹底否定了宗教和上帝超自然的神圣性和神秘性,揭示了宗教的屬人本質(zhì)。費(fèi)爾巴哈宗教觀同樣具有漸進(jìn)的轉(zhuǎn)變過程,首先對(duì)法國啟蒙無神論的超越,在德國最終完成宗教批判,從唯心主義宗教觀向唯物主義宗教觀的轉(zhuǎn)變,形成費(fèi)爾巴哈人本唯物主義宗教觀。費(fèi)爾巴哈宗教觀的哲學(xué)依據(jù)是人本主義理論,他對(duì)人的本質(zhì)進(jìn)行自然主義理解,對(duì)人的類本質(zhì)進(jìn)行抽象理解,費(fèi)爾巴哈自我異化理論包括人的自我異化和世界的自我異化。黑格爾宗教觀、培根宗教觀、斯賓諾莎宗教觀和培爾宗教觀是費(fèi)爾巴哈宗教觀形成的思想淵源。宗教的本質(zhì)即神是人的本質(zhì)的異化是費(fèi)爾巴哈宗教異化觀的重要特色與標(biāo)志之一。費(fèi)爾巴哈宗教觀的哲學(xué)基礎(chǔ)雖然是建立在無神論基礎(chǔ)之上的唯物主義,但其唯物主義立場(chǎng)具有不徹底性。馬克思與費(fèi)爾巴哈宗教觀既有分歧,又有契合,更有超越。馬克思與費(fèi)爾巴哈關(guān)于宗教與人的關(guān)系的契合體現(xiàn)在都認(rèn)為人創(chuàng)造了宗教,否認(rèn)宗教創(chuàng)造了人,都是唯物主義宗教觀,費(fèi)爾巴哈人本主義宗教觀對(duì)馬克思有著積極的影響,促使馬克思對(duì)黑格爾的唯心主義體系發(fā)生動(dòng)搖,使馬克思認(rèn)識(shí)到人本學(xué)的人及其宗教批判的意義。馬克思對(duì)費(fèi)爾巴哈人本主義進(jìn)行了批判,馬克思與費(fèi)爾巴哈對(duì)宗教本質(zhì)具有不同理解,費(fèi)爾巴哈只是從認(rèn)識(shí)論的角度揭示了宗教產(chǎn)生的根源,沒有認(rèn)識(shí)到宗教產(chǎn)生的社會(huì)根源。馬克思從歷史唯物主義的角度揭示了宗教產(chǎn)生的根源,馬克思認(rèn)為宗教產(chǎn)生的社會(huì)根源是國家和社會(huì)的異化,認(rèn)為宗教產(chǎn)生的根源是勞動(dòng)的異化。費(fèi)爾巴哈對(duì)宗教批判具有不徹底,雖然費(fèi)爾巴哈深刻批判基督教神學(xué),但是費(fèi)爾巴哈反對(duì)宗教神學(xué)不反對(duì)宗教本身。馬克思批判宗教具有徹底性,馬克思用鴉片說對(duì)宗教進(jìn)行了徹底的否定,認(rèn)為宗教必然消亡。在宗教產(chǎn)生的根源上馬克思超越了費(fèi)爾巴哈,馬克思認(rèn)為宗教產(chǎn)生的根源不是人們的愚昧和無知而是社會(huì)物質(zhì)生活條件。在宗教本質(zhì)上馬克思超越了費(fèi)爾巴哈,費(fèi)爾巴哈從純粹的自然人出發(fā)闡述宗教是人的本質(zhì)的虛幻反映,馬克思從社會(huì)的人出發(fā)闡述宗教是人的世俗社會(huì)虛幻反映或顛倒反映,馬克思批判費(fèi)爾巴哈不了解人的社會(huì)性和忽視人的歷史的、實(shí)踐的活動(dòng)的重要性。在宗教哲學(xué)上超越了費(fèi)爾巴哈,馬克思用科學(xué)的實(shí)踐的唯物主義取代費(fèi)爾巴哈抽象的直觀的人本主義。馬克思在對(duì)待宗教的哲學(xué)方法上超越了費(fèi)爾巴哈。馬克思在宗教社會(huì)功能上超越了費(fèi)爾巴哈,馬克思闡述了關(guān)于宗教在階級(jí)社會(huì)中的政治功能:宗教是人民的鴉片。馬克思認(rèn)為宗教是顛倒的世界觀。馬克思揚(yáng)棄了費(fèi)爾巴哈人本唯物主義宗教觀、宗教異化理論和半截子唯物主義宗教觀,確立實(shí)踐唯物主義宗教觀、歷史唯物主義宗教觀以及辯證唯物主義宗教觀等新唯物主義宗教觀。馬克思新唯物主義宗教觀是人類的精神財(cái)富,豐富了人類社會(huì)宗教文化理論寶庫,促進(jìn)了當(dāng)代社會(huì)交往和文化交流,啟迪人們理性地、科學(xué)地對(duì)待宗教,啟迪人們包容、汲取、繼承、批判、發(fā)展宗教,指導(dǎo)了中國化馬克思主義宗教理論的形成、發(fā)展與完善,是中國共產(chǎn)黨制定正確宗教政策的重要理論依據(jù)。
[Abstract]:Marx view of religion is based on scientific world outlook and methodology of dialectical materialism and historical materialism theory. Marx Feuerbach view of religion both inheritance and transcendence. Transformation of Marx's view of religion is a gradual process, by God to God, from idealism to materialism atheism gradually atheism change, and ultimately the formation of historical materialism view of religion. The philosophical foundation of Marx religious view is the world outlook of dialectical materialism and historical materialism view of the world. It has rich ideological resources. It has inherited Hagel's view of religion, Feuerbach Spencer view of religion, religious view, Montesquieu view of religion, founded the dialectical materialism and historical the materialist view of religion. Marx's view of religion is rich in content, including the origin of religion, the essence of religion, the function of religion and religion The demise of the contents. Marx's view of religion with historical materialism attitude towards religion, dialectical examination of religious development, carry out the revolutionary practice of religious criticism, analysis of religious feature of unity of opposites. He believed that with dialectical materialism of religious development, in line with the movement of things and change the rules of the development of religion not only has. The formation, existence, development, historical inevitability of death, also has the revolutionary practice of criticism of religion and religious functions of the unity of opposites, he believes that the achievements of spiritual civilization, religion is human society and people's revolution is an anesthetic agent, will dispel people's revolutionary, religion. Feuerbach view of religion with humanism and on the basis of atheism completely negate the religion and supernatural divine holiness and mystery, reveals the human nature of religion. Religion has the same asymptotic Feuerbach The transformation process, first of all to surpass the French Enlightenment atheism in Germany, the final completion of the critique of religion, change to materialism view of religion from the idealism view of religion, the formation of Feuerbach's humanistic materialism view of religion. Religion is the philosophical basis of Feuerbach theory of humanism, he of human nature of human understanding of naturalism. The essence of the abstract understanding, Feuerbach's self alienation theory including self alienation and self alienation of the world. Hagel Bacon view of religion, religion, religion and religion of Spinoza Bayle is Feuerbach religion origin formation. The essence of religion that God is the alienation of human nature is one of the important characteristics and religious symbol of Feuerbach the concept of alienation. The philosophical basis of Feuerbach religious view although is built on the basis of atheism and materialism, but its materialist stand The field is not thorough. Marx and Feuerbach are both religious differences, and fit, more than Marx relationship with Feuerbach about the religion and the people that are reflected in the agreement created a religion, deny religion created, are materialistic view of religion, Feuerbach's humanistic view of religion has a positive the influence of Marx, prompted Marx to Hagel's idealistic system shaken, make Marx realize humanism and religious criticism significance. Marx's critique of Feuerbach's humanism, Marx and Feuerbach have different understanding of the essence of religion, Feuerbach just from the angle of epistemology to reveal the sources of religion. The social roots do not recognize religion. Marx from the angle of historical materialism reveals the sources of religion, Marx believes in The social roots to produce alienation of state and society, that the sources of religion is the alienation of labor. Feuerbach on the critique of religion is not thorough, although Feuerbach criticized Christian theology, but Feuerbach opposed to religious theology is not opposed to religion itself. Marx's critique of religion is thorough, Marx used the opium that religious thoroughly no, that religion in the inevitable demise. The sources of religion Marx beyond Feuerbach, Marx believes that the sources of religion is not the people's ignorance and ignorance but the social material living conditions. In the essence of religion Marx beyond Feuerbach, Feuerbach from the purely natural man of religion is the essence of the illusory reflection, Marx from the person of the society of religion is the secular society reflect the illusory reflection or upside down, Marx Feuerbach did not understand the criticism of social and historical neglect of people, the importance of practical activities. In the philosophy of religion beyond the Feuerbach, Marx used the scientific practical materialism instead of intuitive Feuerbach abstract humanism. Marx surpassed Feuerbach in philosophy toward religion. Marx surpassed Feuerbach in the social function of religion, Marx describes the political function of religion in the class society: religion is the opium of the people. Marx thinks that religion is the upside down view of the world. Marx abandoned the Baja Phil the materialism view of religion, religious alienation theory and half the materialism view of religion, the establishment of practical materialism view of religion, history the religious view of materialism and dialectical materialism view of religion and other new materialism view of religion. Marx is the new materialism view of religion The spiritual wealth of human society, enriches the theory of religious culture, promote the contemporary social communication and cultural exchanges, enlighten people rationally, scientifically dealing with religion, inspire people to learn, tolerance, criticism, inheritance, development of religion, the formation of Marx Chinese guiding socialist religious theory, development and perfection, is an important the theoretical basis China Communist Party to formulate correct religious policy.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：蘇州大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號(hào)】：A811

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