發(fā)布時間：2018-01-22 21:50

  本文關鍵詞： 上海合作組織 非傳統(tǒng)安全 中國新安全觀 總體國家安全觀 “一帶一路”建設　出處：《蘭州大學》2016年博士論文　論文類型：學位論文

【摘要】：上海合作組織是第一個以中國城市命名,且管理機構(gòu)——即上海合作組織秘書處,設在中國的國際組織,也是中國參與的有關中亞地區(qū)安全議題的唯一一個區(qū)域多邊合作機制。自2001年成立以來,上合組織的安全合作不斷擴展和深入,在維護中亞地區(qū)安全和穩(wěn)定上發(fā)揮了不可替代的作用。不僅如此,上合組織以“上海精神”為合作理念,不斷提高了成員國之間的政治互信,有效地推動了成員國之間關系民主化的進展。更為重要的是,上合組織是中國安全戰(zhàn)略和對外交往戰(zhàn)略的重要實施平臺,在維護國家的安全、穩(wěn)定和領土完整以及實現(xiàn)中華民族偉大復興等國家重大發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略中起到了重要作用。本研究以馬克思主義辯證唯物主義和歷史唯物主義的世界觀和方法論為指導,立足安全研究這一目前學術研究中的熱點問題,從應對非傳統(tǒng)安全威脅的客觀要求出發(fā),考察上合組織成立前后所面對的主要非傳統(tǒng)安全威脅因素;并在“三股勢力”等非傳統(tǒng)安全因素對中亞地區(qū)和我國威脅日益嚴峻的形勢下,分析和解釋了中國同周邊上合組織成員國范圍內(nèi)保持了穩(wěn)定的成績;探討了上合組織如何在中國新國家安全觀的指導下應對非傳統(tǒng)安全威脅和強化其安全功能建設。這對總結(jié)中國參與或主導地區(qū)性國際機制的經(jīng)驗和教訓,探討上合組織同中國新國家安全觀的關系,都具有重要的理論和現(xiàn)實意義。冷戰(zhàn)后,非傳統(tǒng)安全威脅取代了國家之間的對抗、沖突、戰(zhàn)爭等形式的傳統(tǒng)安全威脅,成為國際社會的主要安全威脅。其中,以恐怖主義、分裂主義和極端主義為代表的“三股勢力”、毒品犯罪、跨國有組織犯罪等非傳統(tǒng)安全問題的凸顯嚴重威脅著中亞地區(qū)的安全和穩(wěn)定,也嚴重制約著該地區(qū)國家的經(jīng)濟發(fā)展和社會轉(zhuǎn)型。在共同的安全威脅下,中國、俄羅斯和哈薩克斯坦、烏茲別克斯坦、吉爾吉斯斯坦和塔吉克斯坦形成了應對威脅的共同意愿,并在相互協(xié)作的基礎上形成了重要的多邊合作機制——上海合作組織。但同時要指出是,雖然上述共同安全威脅的出現(xiàn)和共同合作意愿的產(chǎn)生在上合組織的形成過程中發(fā)揮了重要的作用,但它們并不是上合組織得以成立的全部動因。除了上述原因之外,上合組織成員國之間邊界問題的解決是上合組織得以成立的前提,而成員國之間雙邊關系的提升尤其是中俄戰(zhàn)略協(xié)作伙伴關系的確立則對上合組織的成立起著重要的推動作用。上合組織成立后所面臨的非傳統(tǒng)安全威脅依然嚴峻,在當前,“伊斯蘭國”向中亞地區(qū)的滲透和阿富汗安全局勢的持續(xù)惡化都對上合組織形成了嚴峻的挑戰(zhàn)。為了應對上述威脅,上合組織不斷強化合作,使其保持向深度和廣度推進:反恐機制日趨完善,不斷健全打擊恐怖主義的法律,執(zhí)法、情報、司法等部門的合作穩(wěn)步開展,非傳統(tǒng)安全領域的合作范圍不斷拓展,同其他國際安全機制的互動也不斷加深。成立15年來,上合組織的安全職能發(fā)揮保障了地區(qū)的安全和穩(wěn)定,為其他領域合作的開展提供了安全的外部環(huán)境。冷戰(zhàn)后復雜的地緣安全環(huán)境的變化和非傳統(tǒng)安全問題的凸顯也促使著應對這一問題的新安全理念——中國新安全觀的產(chǎn)生。中國新安全觀是以江澤民為核心的黨的領導集體在馬克思主義理論指導下,立足于冷戰(zhàn)后國際和周邊形勢以及中國自身安全需求的基礎上提出的安全理論。中國新安全觀摒棄了舊安全觀在安全主體的單一性、安全內(nèi)涵的貧乏性、安全手段的對抗性以及安全目標的利己性,實現(xiàn)了對安全關注的綜合性、共同性、普遍性和合作性。中國新安全觀在安全主體、安全內(nèi)涵、安全手段和安全目的等各個方面實現(xiàn)了對舊安全理論的更新和升級,順應了冷戰(zhàn)后國際形勢的變化,滿足了中國自身安全的需要,它的提出和發(fā)展也促進了上合組織的形成,對上合組織的安全功能的實施提供了理論指導。反過來,上合組織確立了“上海精神”為新安全觀的核心內(nèi)容,并通過發(fā)展經(jīng)貿(mào)合作等措施實踐了中國新國家安全觀。上合組織是“一帶一路”戰(zhàn)略實施的重要平臺,同時可以為“一帶一路”戰(zhàn)略實施發(fā)揮重要的安全保障作用。在目前“一帶一路”戰(zhàn)略實施過程中,尤其是在境內(nèi)外兩個核心區(qū)——中亞和新疆的建設中,存在著機遇與挑戰(zhàn)并存的局面。值得指出的是,境內(nèi)外核心區(qū)建設中存在著諸多安全威脅,例如“三股勢力”、毒品走私、非法移民、跨國犯罪、邊界紛爭、戰(zhàn)爭以及國家政權(quán)非制度性更迭等。必須說明的是,不將“一帶一路”建設中的安全問題特殊化,在堅持上合組織原則和“上海精神”的前提下,在上合組織安全功能范圍內(nèi),以上合組織安全功能特點對上述安全問題進行分類,不僅是上合組織為“一帶一路”建設保駕護航的前提,還可以有效增加上合組織安全功能的實施效率。此外,在上合組織實施對“一帶一路”建設的安全保障過程中,要重視和強化上合組織的非傳統(tǒng)安全功能建設,加強對中亞地區(qū)安全威脅因素的研究,有針對性地提高上合組織公共安全供給能力,切實制定、完善和落實打擊“三股勢力”等威脅相關法律法規(guī),做好去極端化和網(wǎng)絡反恐工作,使上合組織能夠更加有效地為“一帶一路”保駕護航。目前,上合組織還面臨著以下幾個方面的問題和挑戰(zhàn):恐怖主義、分裂主義、極端主義的發(fā)展;擴員造成的以中亞為中心的地緣中心的變化和爭議;烏克蘭危機對成員國關系的影響;與其他國際組織的競爭(主要是獨聯(lián)體集體安全條約組織和歐亞聯(lián)盟);國際安全中的某些領域所造成的成員國的意見分歧;以及成員國關系改善緩慢,中亞地區(qū)合作水平不高的狀況無明顯改善等。面對上述問題,我們要堅持在中國新安全觀的指導下,以打造命運共同體為目的,推動上合組織的發(fā)展。主要建議如下:在安全目標上,要以“三股勢力”為長期堅持打擊的對象,在核心區(qū)上,要以中亞(包括新疆)為核心區(qū),不宜擴大,要堅持以應對非傳統(tǒng)安全威脅為核心功能,堅持和平共處五項原則,不應也不可能應對所有安全問題,要以總體安全觀為指導全面考慮安全問題,要處理好核心安全問題同其他問題的關系;進一步加強與俄羅斯在上合組織框架內(nèi)的協(xié)作;以“絲綢之路經(jīng)濟帶”為契機促進上合組織經(jīng)濟合作;妥善應對和處理隨著絲路經(jīng)濟帶建設中“三股勢力”擴散所帶來的新安全挑戰(zhàn)。本文以上海合作組織的非傳統(tǒng)安全功能為研究視角和基本論述框架,討論了非傳統(tǒng)安全威脅因素和上合組織及其成員國在應對和打擊非傳統(tǒng)安全問題的關系,以及如何強化上合組織安全功能以推進中國對外戰(zhàn)略的實施。選取上合組織在應對非傳統(tǒng)安全威脅時所取得的相關理論和實踐成果為研究案例,在上合組織十余年來應對和打擊非傳統(tǒng)安全威脅的發(fā)展歷程中闡述并驗證關于上合組織所取得的一系列成果,總結(jié)了上合組織在應對非傳統(tǒng)安全威脅斗爭中的經(jīng)驗和教訓,在當前非傳統(tǒng)安全威脅因素日益對我國形成嚴峻挑戰(zhàn)的背景下提出強化上合組織安全功能的方案,其最終目的是嘗試為我國“一帶一路”倡議建設,以及其他對外戰(zhàn)略的實施提供具有普遍意義的對策思考。
[Abstract]:The Shanghai cooperation organization is the first to Chinese city name, and management organization is the organization Secretariat of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization in international Chinese, on regional security issues also participate in the Chinese only a regional multilateral cooperation mechanism. Since its establishment in 2001, the SCO security cooperation continue to expand and further, played role in the maintenance of security and stability in Central Asia. Moreover, the SCO in the "Shanghai spirit" for the idea of cooperation, and constantly improve the political mutual trust between the members, to effectively promote the democratization progress between member countries. More importantly, the SCO is an important platform for the implementation of security Chinese the strategic and diplomatic strategy, in the maintenance of national security, stability and territorial integrity and realize the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation and other major national development strategy plays An important role. In this study, Marx's dialectical world outlook and method and historical materialism theory, based on the current security research in the academic research hot issues, starting from the objective requirements to cope with non-traditional security threats, investigate the SCO into position before and after the main non traditional security threats; and in the "non traditional security factors on the three forces in Central Asia and China's threat of an increasingly grim situation, analysis and interpretation of the member states of the SCO in the range with the surrounding Chinese maintained a stable performance; discusses how to China SCO in the new national security concept under the guidance of deal with non-traditional security threats and to strengthen the safe function of construction. This summary of Chinese participated in or led the regional mechanism for the international experience and lessons, to explore the relationship between the SCO Chinese with new conception of national security, are It has important theoretical and practical significance. After the cold war, non traditional security threats instead of confrontation between the countries, conflict, war and other forms of traditional security threats, has become a major security threat to the international community. Among them, terrorism, separatism and extremism as the representative of the "three forces", drug crimes, highlighting the transnational organized crime of non traditional security issues such as a serious threat to security and stability in Central Asia, but also seriously restricts the area of national economic development and social transformation. In common security threats, Chinese, Russia and Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan formed a common desire to deal with the threat, and the formation of multilateral cooperation in Shanghai cooperation organization an important mechanism based on mutual cooperation. But at the same time should be pointed out that, although the common security threats appear And cooperation will have played an important role in the process of the formation of the SCO, but they are not able to cause all the SCO was set up. In addition to the above reasons, the SCO member states to solve the boundary problem between the SCO is the premise, and the bilateral relations between member countries especially the establishment of promotion the Sino Russian strategic cooperative partnership is the establishment of the SCO plays an important role in promoting. Non traditional security threats after the establishment of the SCO is still grim, at present, the penetration of Islamic country to Central Asia and the continued deterioration of the security situation in Afghanistan has posed serious challenges to the SCO in order to deal with. The threat of the SCO continuously strengthen cooperation, keep advancing to the depth and breadth: anti-terrorism mechanism, and constantly improve the fight against terrorism The law, law enforcement, intelligence, steadily carry out judicial departments cooperation, the scope of cooperation in non-traditional security fields constantly expanding, the interaction mechanism with other international security is deepening. Founded 15 years ago, the security function of SCO to play to protect the security and stability of the region, providing a safe environment to carry out other cooperation in the field. To highlight the changes after the cold war Geopolitical Security Environment and non-traditional security issues also led to this problem a new security concept, Chinese produced a new security concept. Chinese is a new security concept with Jiang Zemin as the core of the collective leadership of the party under the guidance of Marx's theory, put forward the theory basis of safety based on the international situation after the cold war and the surrounding and Chinese itself on the security requirement. Chinese new security concept to abandon the old concept of security in the single subject of security, security connotation Poor, selfish security means antagonism and security objectives, to achieve a comprehensive, on safety concerns, commonality, universality and cooperation. China new security concept in subject of security, safety connotation, various security measures and security purposes to realize the old security theory, update and upgrade. With the change of the international situation after the cold war, the Chinese meet its own security needs, and put forward its development also promoted the formation of the SCO, provides a theoretical guidance for the implementation of security function of SCO. In turn, the SCO has established the "Shanghai spirit" as the core of the new security concept, and through the development of economic and trade cooperation and other measures to practice China new conception of national security. The SCO is an important platform for the implementation of The Belt and Road "strategy, at the same time for" The Belt and Road "strategy implementation play an important safeguard for In the present. "The Belt and Road" strategy implementation process, especially in the domestic and foreign two core areas -- the construction of Central Asia and Xinjiang, there are both opportunities and challenges. It is worth noting that there are many security threats in the construction of inside and outside of the core area, such as the "three forces". Drug smuggling, illegal immigration, transnational crimes, border disputes, war and the state of non institutional change. It must be noted that the "safety of The Belt and Road" in the construction of specialization, adhering to the principles of the SCO and the "Shanghai spirit", in the security function of SCO within the range. The classification of the safety problems in safety features of the SCO, is not only the premise of the SCO to escort The Belt and Road "construction, but also can effectively increase the efficiency of the implementation of the SCO security function. In addition, in the To organize the implementation of the "The Belt and Road" construction safety in the process of non traditional security function construction should pay attention to and strengthen the SCO, strengthen the research on the regional security threats, targeted to improve the SCO public safety supply capacity, to develop, improve and implement the fight against the "three forces" and other threats the relevant laws and regulations, to go to extremes and network anti-terrorism work, the SCO can more effectively "The Belt and Road escort. At present, the SCO is facing the following problems and challenges: terrorism, separatism and extremism development; expansion caused by Central Asia as the center of the geopolitical center the changes and effects of the Ukraine crisis of the dispute; membership; competition with other international organizations (mainly the CIS Collective Security Treaty Organization and the Eurasian Union); International Security The members of the disagreement in the field caused by some of the members; and improving relations between the slow level of cooperation in Central Asia is not high status without significant improvement. In the face of these problems, we must adhere to the China under the guidance of the new security concept, to build a community of destiny for the purpose of promoting the development of the SCO. Recommendations are as follows: the safety goals, to the "three forces" as the long-term target, in the core area, to Central Asia (including Xinjiang) is the core area, should not be extended, we must adhere to cope with non-traditional security threats as the core, adhere to the five principles of peaceful coexistence, should not and can not a possible response to all the security problems, in order to guide the comprehensive consideration of security issues in the overall security concept, to deal with security issues with other core issues; to further strengthen cooperation with Russia in the framework of the SCO to " Silk Road Economic Belt "as an opportunity to promote the SCO economic cooperation; to properly deal with and deal with new security challenges with the construction of the Silk Road Economic Zone in the" three forces "caused by diffusion. The non traditional security function of Shanghai cooperation organization as the research perspective and discusses the basic frame, discussed the relationship between the non traditional security threats and the SCO and its member states in addressing and combating non-traditional security issues, and how to strengthen the security function of SCO in order to promote the implementation of China foreign strategy. From the related theory and practice achievements of the SCO in addressing non-traditional security threat as a case study, to deal with a series of achievements and combat non development of traditional security threats described and validated by about the SCO SCO in ten years, summarized the SCO in addressing non-traditional security threats In the struggle of experience and lessons, puts forward to strengthen the SCO security function in the current scheme of non-traditional security threats has become a formidable challenge to the background of our country, its ultimate purpose is to try for our "The Belt and Road" initiative and other foreign construction, the implementation of the strategy to provide countermeasures with general significance.

【學位授予單位】：蘭州大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2016
【分類號】：D814.1
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本文編號：1455820