本文關鍵詞： 新生代農(nóng)民工 收入差異 就業(yè)歧視 勞動力市場分割　出處：《東北師范大學》2016年博士論文　論文類型：學位論文

【摘要】：伴隨著中國經(jīng)濟的快速發(fā)展和各項改革的逐步深化,在收入分配的過程當中,"價格由市場決定"的機制所發(fā)揮的作用變得日益重要。與此同時,就業(yè)問題和收入差距不斷擴大已經(jīng)逐步地成為了中國勞動力市場上存在的主要問題。新生代農(nóng)民工一直對在城市的就業(yè)和生活充滿期待和向往。然而中國的勞動力市場一直處于多元分割的狀態(tài)下,他們在城市當中實際的就業(yè)情況和收入水平要遠低于其本來的預期。這就使得新生代農(nóng)民工的心理落差較大。這也是為什么在沿海地區(qū)出現(xiàn)民工荒現(xiàn)象的原因之一。用人單位招不到工人,不僅阻礙了本地的經(jīng)濟發(fā)展,從宏觀角度考慮,也會對整個中國的經(jīng)濟發(fā)展和社會協(xié)調(diào)產(chǎn)生不利的影響。想要消除阻礙經(jīng)濟發(fā)展和社會穩(wěn)定的不和諧因素,就需要從解決處于分割的勞動力市場當中新生代農(nóng)民工的就業(yè)與收入問題入手。本研究主要從勞動力市場分割作為分析的切入點,致力于回答如下問題:新生代農(nóng)民工的收入與城市居民相比較,差距是多少?其中有多少是由于不平等因素造成的?城鄉(xiāng)、行業(yè)、區(qū)域分割是否會造成新生代農(nóng)民工在城市務工過程中就業(yè)歧視和收入不平等?有哪些對策可以消除新生代農(nóng)民工就業(yè)歧視和收入不平等問題?本文根據(jù)CHIP即中國國家家庭收入調(diào)查數(shù)據(jù)為資料,運用多種計量方法,對上述問題進行分析。主要利用明瑟工資方程、多元回歸以及收入分解的方法,將新生代農(nóng)民工的收入水平和就業(yè)獲得同城市居民進行比較,分析其受到就業(yè)歧視和收入不平等待遇的原因和程度,以及新生代農(nóng)民工就業(yè)歧視與收入不平等的相互作用機制,最后根據(jù)研究給出提高新生代農(nóng)民工就業(yè)數(shù)量和提升其收入水平的對策建議。分析結果顯示:1.不管是群體間還是內(nèi)部各員工之間均有著收入差距,通過個體稟賦間差異理論能夠很好解釋產(chǎn)生差異的部分原因,其他結果指出該差異主要還是新生代農(nóng)民工以及女性勞動力所遭受的就業(yè)歧視造成的。2.在職業(yè)獲得方面,與城鎮(zhèn)市民相比,新生代農(nóng)民工在高收入行業(yè)中專業(yè)技術人才和辦事人才兩種職位受到存在歧視。但是在單位管理者、儀器操作者和商業(yè)服務者將受到反向歧視(經(jīng)濟市場高估當?shù)鼐用駝趧恿r值高估),這意味著從事這些職業(yè)的人群中,擁有當?shù)厣矸葑C明的居民能夠得到各種制度或者經(jīng)濟上的政策優(yōu)惠。此外,在職業(yè)中,農(nóng)民工受到待遇正從直接歧視向間接歧視轉(zhuǎn)變,受到各種間接不平等、不公平政策對待。女性勞動力在單位負責人、辦事人員和設備操作人員三類職業(yè)的獲得上均存在歧視,而在商業(yè)服務業(yè)人員職業(yè)的獲得上城鎮(zhèn)市民中的女性勞動力有著反向歧視(經(jīng)濟市場高估男性勞動力市場價值)。在專業(yè)技術員工和普通員工職位的員工受到上兩個群體中的女性勞動力均存在歧視。3.在行業(yè)進入方面,與城鎮(zhèn)市民相比,新生代農(nóng)民工在中等工資水平職業(yè)進入方面受到某種程度歧視,而在制造業(yè)、建筑業(yè)和咨詢行業(yè)等第一類行業(yè)和衛(wèi)生文教事業(yè)、科研技術服務業(yè)、金融保險業(yè)等第三類行業(yè)的進入方面,新生代農(nóng)民工則存在反向歧視(市場對城市居民勞動力價值高估)。性別歧視方面,新生代農(nóng)民工中女性勞動者在低收入職業(yè)的進入方面經(jīng)常受到歧視。在中等收入職業(yè)的進入方面,新生代農(nóng)民工女性勞動力普遍受到歧視。在高工資行業(yè)的進入上,與新生代農(nóng)民工中的男性相比,女性勞動力存在反向歧視(市場對男性勞動力價值高估)。4.市場經(jīng)濟發(fā)展水平高地區(qū),存在農(nóng)民工與城鎮(zhèn)居民收入差距越高。當?shù)厥袌鼋?jīng)濟水平高,表明當?shù)亟逃貓舐食潭认鄳^高,然而教育回報率的不公平造成新生代農(nóng)民的受教育程度與當?shù)鼐用袷芙逃潭却嬖诓町?接受培訓技術也存在差距,進而拉大收入差距。盡管新生代農(nóng)民工在各個市場經(jīng)濟發(fā)展水平高的地區(qū)受到歧視,但農(nóng)民工收入方面遭到歧視與所處經(jīng)濟市場環(huán)境的關系并不大。在經(jīng)濟較為發(fā)達地區(qū)1區(qū)(北京、天津、上海)的新生代農(nóng)民工收入歧視程度較深,經(jīng)濟發(fā)展欠發(fā)達的3區(qū)(中西部地區(qū))的新生代農(nóng)民工收入歧視包含內(nèi)容較多。此外,兩個地區(qū)的新生代農(nóng)民工收入方面存在歧視并不具普遍性。5.從行業(yè)層面分析,在制造業(yè)、建筑業(yè)領域的新生代農(nóng)民工收入與城市居民收入差距相對較大,在科教文衛(wèi)、政府單位部門差異較小。在有關勞動密集型、勞動強毒性職業(yè),新生代農(nóng)民工受到的收入歧視相抵較低。從新生代農(nóng)民工歧視的職業(yè)分布分析,在金融保險行業(yè)工資歧視非常嚴重;在科教文衛(wèi)、交通輸運領域收入歧視問題必須重視;政府單位收入歧視較低;餐飲服務業(yè)收入歧視較大;在制造業(yè)、建筑業(yè)等領域收入歧視相對較低。6.從新生代農(nóng)民工收入歧視職位層面分析,餐飲、零售等服務行業(yè)職位存在嚴重收入歧視,并且在職位晉升方便同樣不公平;在金融保險、交通輸運、郵電通信職位方面,收入歧視普遍存在,但職位晉升較為公平;在建筑業(yè)、制造業(yè)等同類型行業(yè)中收入歧視基本不存在,但職位晉升方面存在嚴重偏差;在科教文衛(wèi)、政府單位等行業(yè),收入歧視和職位晉升歧視較低。最后,本文在研究分析的基礎上,提出了改善新生代農(nóng)民工就業(yè)與收入不平等的對策建議。消除新生代農(nóng)民工在就業(yè)和收入的不平等的基礎,就是在制度上徹底改革戶籍制度。戶籍等制度化和社會化因素均是限制這勞動力自由流動、造成勞動力市場嚴重分割,是導致戶籍歧視根本原因。所以,必須深化戶籍體制、就業(yè)體系和社會保障體系的改革、完善,打造城鄉(xiāng)區(qū)域一體化、公平公正、高質(zhì)高效的勞動力市場環(huán)境,將人口就業(yè)與戶籍脫離,保證新生代農(nóng)民工在就業(yè)崗位、收入水平和福利待遇等各種權益,降低甚至消除人們在就業(yè)過程中出現(xiàn)的戶籍歧視。同時,降低壟斷行業(yè)與競爭行業(yè)的收入差距,發(fā)展非正規(guī)就業(yè),以推動新生代農(nóng)民工收入與就業(yè)數(shù)量質(zhì)量的提高;出臺反就業(yè)歧視法規(guī),以完善反就業(yè)歧視法律體系;改善新生代農(nóng)民工素質(zhì)結構,以緩解勞動力供需矛盾;推進城市福利體制改革,以實現(xiàn)公共服務均等化;消除勞動力市場的多重分割,以完善勞動力市場運行機制。
[Abstract]:With the gradual deepening of the rapid development of economy and the China reform, in the process of income distribution, "the price determined by the market" play mechanism becomes more and more important. At the same time, expanding employment and income gap has gradually become the main problems of Chinese labor market. The new generation of migrant workers has been full of hope and longing for the city's employment and life. However China labor market has been in the diverse state, they are in the city among the actual employment situation and the income level is far lower than the originally expected. This makes the new generation of migrant workers' psychological gap greatly. It is also one of the reasons why in the coastal areas the phenomenon of shortage of migrant workers. Employers to recruit workers, not only hinders local economic development, from a macroscopic point of view, but also on the whole Have a negative impact on economic development and social harmony in China. In order to eliminate the unharmonious factors hindering the economic development and social stability, we need to solve in the labor market segmentation in the employment and income of the new generation of migrant workers. This study mainly from the labor market segmentation as the entry point, to answer the following questions income: the new generation of migrant workers and city residents compared to what is the difference? How many of them are caused by unequal factors? In urban and rural areas, industry, region segmentation will result in the new generation of migrant workers employment of workers in the city in the process of discrimination and inequality? What are the countermeasures to eliminate the new generation of migrant workers employment discrimination and income according to the equality problem? CHIP China national household income survey data, using a variety of measurement methods to analyze these issues. To use the Mincerian wage equation, multiple regression method and the decomposition of income, the new generation of migrant workers income and employment for city residents were compared by analysis of the employment discrimination and income inequality causes and extent of treatment, and the interaction mechanism of the new generation of migrant workers employment discrimination and income inequality, according to the research presented new generation of migrant workers to improve employment quantity and Countermeasures to enhance their level of income. The results show that: 1. whether between groups or within each employee has the income gap, through individual endowment difference theory can well explain the difference of the other part, the results pointed out that employment discrimination is mainly the difference as well as the new generation of migrant workers the female labor force suffered by.2. in terms of occupation, compared with urban residents, the new generation of migrant workers in high income In the industry of professional and technical personnel and service personnel by two job discrimination. But in the management unit, instrument operator and commercial services will be subject to reverse discrimination (economic labor market overvalued local residents, which means overvalued) in the occupation of the crowd, with local residents can get all kinds of proof of identity or economic system on the preferential policies. In addition, the occupation of migrant workers by treatment is changing from direct to indirect discrimination by indirect discrimination, inequality, unfair policies. The person in charge of a single female labor, personnel and equipment operation staff of three kinds of occupation are obtained with discrimination and reverse discrimination in business and service personnel for urban public occupation of women in labor (economic market overvalued male labor market value) in professional and technical staff and ordinary. The staff's employees are on the female labor force in two groups were.3. into discrimination in the industry, compared with urban residents, the new generation of migrant workers in the middle level of wages by occupation into a certain degree of discrimination, and in the manufacturing industry, construction industry and consulting industry etc. the first industry and the health education, scientific and technical services the financial industry, insurance industry and other three industries to enter, there is reverse discrimination in the new generation of migrant workers (market valuation of city residents labor value). Sex discrimination of female workers, the new generation of migrant workers often suffer discrimination in low income into the occupation. In the middle income occupation, the new generation of migrant workers labor women general discrimination. In high wage industries, compared with the new generation of migrant workers in the male and female labor market (there is a reverse discrimination Overestimation of male labor value).4. market high level of economic development area, there are migrant workers and urban residents' income gap is higher. The local market economy level is high, suggesting that the rate of return to education degree is high, but the rate of return to education unfairness caused by the new generation of Farmers Education and local residents' education level difference, accept the training of technology gaps, and the widening income gap. Although the new generation of migrant workers in the development of the market economy in a high level of discrimination against migrant workers, but the income was the relationship between discrimination and economic market environment is not large. In the developed area of 1 areas (Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai) of the new generation of migrant workers income the degree of discrimination is deep, the underdeveloped region 3 (Midwest) of the new generation of migrant workers income discrimination contains more content. In addition, two regions There is not universal.5. discrimination analysis from the industry level, the new generation of migrant workers income, in the manufacturing industry, construction industry is relatively large areas of the new generation of migrant workers income and the income gap of residents in the city, culture and education, government departments were smaller. In the labor intensive labor, strong toxicity of the new generation of migrant workers by occupation. Income is low. From the analysis of discrimination against migrant workers occupation distribution discrimination, is very serious in the finance and insurance industry wage discrimination; in science and education, traffic transport field income discrimination must pay attention to the government; low income discrimination; catering services income discrimination greatly; in the manufacturing industry, construction industry relative income discrimination the lower.6. of the new generation of migrant workers from job discrimination in income level analysis, catering, retail and other service industries have serious income and job discrimination, the promotion on the convenient The same is not fair; in the finance and insurance, traffic transport, postal and telecommunications service, widespread discrimination in income, but the promotion is fair; in the construction industry, the manufacturing industry in the equal income type discrimination basically does not exist, but there is a serious deviation of position promotion; in science and education, government agencies and other industries, income discrimination and the promotion of discrimination is low. Finally, this paper on the basis of research and analysis, put forward suggestions to improve the new generation of migrant workers employment and income inequality. The elimination of the new generation of migrant workers in employment and income inequality, is to reform the household registration system in the system. The household registration system and social factors are limit the free flow of labor, resulting in the serious segmentation of the labor market, is the cause of household discrimination cause. Therefore, we must deepen the reform of household registration system, employment system and social security system, To build the integration of urban and rural areas, perfect, fair, efficient labor market environment, population employment and household detachment, ensure the new generation of migrant workers in employment, income and welfare and other rights and interests, to reduce or eliminate the people appear in the process of employment discrimination. At the same time, reduce the monopoly industries and competitive industries the income gap between the development of informal employment, to promote the generation of the number of migrant workers income and improve the quality of employment; the introduction of anti employment discrimination laws and regulations, in order to perfect the legal system of anti discrimination in employment; improving the quality of the new generation of migrant workers, in order to alleviate the contradiction between supply and demand of labor force; to promote the city welfare system reform, to achieve the equalization of public services; eliminate multiple segmentation the labor market, in order to improve the operating mechanism of labor market.

【學位授予單位】：東北師范大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2016
【分類號】：F323.6;F249.2;F124.7
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本文編號：1447557