本文關(guān)鍵詞：社區(qū)社會網(wǎng)絡(luò)與老年幸福　出處：《山東大學(xué)》2016年博士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

  更多相關(guān)文章： 社區(qū) 社會網(wǎng)絡(luò) 老年人 幸福

【摘要】：老年人的社會交往和心理健康對其生活質(zhì)量和晚年幸福至關(guān)重要。改革開放以來,我國經(jīng)濟取得了長足的發(fā)展,老年人物質(zhì)貧困現(xiàn)象已經(jīng)大為減少。社會變遷卻為老年人帶來了另外一種意義上的貧困：精神貧困。子女為了獲得更好的發(fā)展機會而選擇社會流動,使得空巢獨居正在成為我國老年人生活方式的主要形態(tài)。空巢老人更容易產(chǎn)生失落感、孤獨感和焦慮感等情緒,并引發(fā)其他許多方面的擔(dān)憂。因此,就我國養(yǎng)老事業(yè)而言：比起物質(zhì)養(yǎng)老,精神養(yǎng)老所面臨的困境更為突出和緊迫。改善老年人的家庭代際關(guān)系將會面臨較大的倫理困境和成本難題。在家庭養(yǎng)老日漸衰落、居家養(yǎng)老迅速興起的背景下,鄰里關(guān)系就成為影響老年人精神健康和晚年幸福的關(guān)鍵因素。老年人在退休之后,受到身體條件的限制和心理因素的影響,他們大部分的時間里都會選擇在居住場所周圍度過。這就使得鄰里關(guān)系的作用更加突出。現(xiàn)實中,我國老年人的社區(qū)交往同樣面臨著不斷弱化的危險。城市社區(qū)的人際冷漠,成為隔在老年人面前的一堵墻。因此,對老年人社區(qū)關(guān)系網(wǎng)絡(luò)與主觀幸福感的相關(guān)關(guān)系進行系統(tǒng)而深入的研究,就顯得尤為必要。這不僅增進了我們對客觀世界的認識,更能夠幫助我們尋找促進鄰里交往、發(fā)展居家養(yǎng)老的實際措施。國內(nèi)外已有不少研究對社區(qū)社會網(wǎng)絡(luò)與老年人幸福感的關(guān)系進行考察�？偨Y(jié)發(fā)現(xiàn),這些研究存在三點主要不足。第一,已有的研究要么運用國家宏觀統(tǒng)計數(shù)據(jù)進行量化分析,要么采用質(zhì)性研究深入社區(qū)當(dāng)中進行調(diào)查。量化研究注重精度,卻缺乏深度；質(zhì)性研究有微觀上深度,但是沒有量化上的精度。缺乏質(zhì)性、量化相結(jié)合的案例研究,使得我們無法對問題進行既精確又深入的考察。第二,已有的研究主要是個體網(wǎng)研究,考察多種社會關(guān)系在促進老年人幸福感上的作用。整體網(wǎng)絡(luò)分析的缺乏,使得我們無法窺探網(wǎng)絡(luò)結(jié)構(gòu)的重要作用。個體網(wǎng)視角下的幸福感研究,更多是社會學(xué)意義上的,而非公共管理意義上的。這樣,我們便無法在研究的基礎(chǔ)上提出治理意義上的政策建議。第三,已有的研究缺乏比較研究�，F(xiàn)今學(xué)術(shù)界在深入考察社區(qū)關(guān)系時,往往偏愛挑選單一社區(qū)進行考察。這不僅使我們無法建立理解問題的比較視角,研究結(jié)論的效度也會大幅降低。社會網(wǎng)絡(luò)分析法是近年來迅速崛起并日漸成熟的研究方法,也是本文的核心方法。這種方法的優(yōu)勢在于對關(guān)系數(shù)據(jù)的量化處理,以及對網(wǎng)絡(luò)結(jié)構(gòu)的精確分析。這為我們深入理解社區(qū)社會網(wǎng)絡(luò),并在社區(qū)社會網(wǎng)絡(luò)與老年人主觀幸福感之間建立分析橋梁,提供了技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)。迄今,城市社區(qū)社會網(wǎng)絡(luò)的整體網(wǎng)研究較為稀少,原因在于整體網(wǎng)研究的條件約束。整體網(wǎng)研究,適合分析關(guān)系性質(zhì)單一、網(wǎng)絡(luò)邊界清晰、網(wǎng)絡(luò)規(guī)模較小的社會網(wǎng)絡(luò)。而城市社區(qū)的社會網(wǎng)絡(luò),往往規(guī)模過大、異質(zhì)性強、邊界模糊,所以不宜進行整體網(wǎng)絡(luò)分析。本研究的思路是集中考察小型社區(qū)內(nèi)老年人這一非異質(zhì)群體的整體網(wǎng)。老年人這個特殊群體由于身心方面的限制,人際關(guān)系大部分處在社區(qū)之內(nèi)。他們在社區(qū)內(nèi)能夠形成性質(zhì)單一、規(guī)模適中、邊界明確的社會網(wǎng)絡(luò)。這就為我們的整體網(wǎng)研究掃清了條件障礙。本文以學(xué)界已有研究成果為基礎(chǔ),以成熟單位社區(qū)、半成熟單位社區(qū)、半成熟商業(yè)社區(qū)和新興商業(yè)社區(qū)的社區(qū)分類為比較前提,運用社會網(wǎng)絡(luò)分析法來對研究問題進行探索性考察。本文的主要研究問題包括兩個：第一,在單一社區(qū)內(nèi)部,社區(qū)社會網(wǎng)絡(luò)對老年人主觀幸福感的影響機制是什么?第二,在各個社區(qū)之間,老年人主觀幸福感在不同網(wǎng)絡(luò)中的差異性在何處?研究的實地調(diào)查于2014年7月至12月進行,調(diào)查地點選在某東部城市的四個城市社區(qū)。本案例研究的成果包含兩大部分：假設(shè)檢驗和后續(xù)分析。研究假設(shè)是問題研究的主要方向,假設(shè)檢驗是研究結(jié)論的主體骨架。后續(xù)分析是案例研究的特有環(huán)節(jié),它是針對問題細節(jié)進行的深入考察。這兩部分的分析,使得整個研究兼顧宏觀與微觀、精度與深度,既有骨有架,也有血有肉。下面,我們簡述本文的主要成果。以研究問題為導(dǎo)向,本文假設(shè)檢驗的結(jié)果也分為兩大部分：基于社區(qū)內(nèi)部社會網(wǎng)絡(luò)的研究結(jié)果,和基于社區(qū)之間社會網(wǎng)絡(luò)的類比分析。基于社區(qū)內(nèi)部社會網(wǎng)絡(luò)的研究結(jié)果表明：在各個社區(qū)內(nèi)部,老年人在社區(qū)社會網(wǎng)絡(luò)中的局部中心度越高、整體中心度越低、特征向量中心度越高、中間中心度越高,其主觀幸福感越高。通俗地講,老年人在局部圈子中的受歡迎程度越高,在整個社區(qū)網(wǎng)絡(luò)中的受歡迎程度越高,融入到社區(qū)核心交往圈子的程度越高,越處于溝通社區(qū)關(guān)系的“中間人”的位置,其主觀幸福感相應(yīng)就會越高。這個結(jié)果從局部、整體、位置和結(jié)構(gòu)等多個角度,驗證了社區(qū)社會網(wǎng)絡(luò)在促進老年人幸福感上的積極作用�；谏鐓^(qū)之間社會網(wǎng)絡(luò)的類比分析看：①各個類型社區(qū)老年人主觀幸福感的高低排序依次是：成熟單位制社區(qū)半成熟單位制社區(qū)半成熟商業(yè)社區(qū)=新興商業(yè)社區(qū)。②各個類型社區(qū)社會網(wǎng)絡(luò)核心區(qū)域老年人主觀幸福感的高低排序是：成熟單位制社區(qū)=半成熟單位制社區(qū)半成熟商業(yè)社區(qū)=新興商業(yè)社區(qū)。③各個類型社區(qū)社會網(wǎng)絡(luò)邊緣區(qū)域老年人主觀幸福感的高低排序是：成熟單位制社區(qū)半成熟單位制社區(qū)=半成熟商業(yè)社區(qū)=新興商業(yè)。④各個類型社區(qū)社會網(wǎng)絡(luò)散點區(qū)域老年人在主觀幸福感上不存在社區(qū)差異。對上述結(jié)果進行總結(jié)可以發(fā)現(xiàn)：單位社區(qū)和商業(yè)社區(qū)老年人在主觀幸福感上的差異,主要是由社區(qū)社會網(wǎng)絡(luò)核心區(qū)域老年人主觀幸福感的社區(qū)差異引發(fā)的；成熟單位制社區(qū)和半成熟單位制社區(qū)老年人在主觀幸福感上的差異,主要是由社會網(wǎng)絡(luò)邊緣區(qū)域老年人主觀幸福感的社區(qū)差異引發(fā)的。這樣,社區(qū)性質(zhì)和社區(qū)年齡在塑造社區(qū)社會網(wǎng)絡(luò)中的不同作用,就被清楚地揭示出來了。后續(xù)分析部分的結(jié)果包含三個部分：競爭性假設(shè)分析、異常個案分析、其他有趣發(fā)現(xiàn)。競爭性假設(shè)分析是對對立假設(shè)的合理性進行判斷,并從反面考察原假設(shè)的合理性。分析結(jié)果表明：①在各個社區(qū)內(nèi),擁有不同中心度的老人,其平均幸福感并非隨著中心度的提高而平滑上升,而是呈現(xiàn)交錯上升的態(tài)勢。②單位小區(qū)在促進老人幸福感上不一定會起積極的作用。某些單位社區(qū)中的利益糾紛、人情過重、閑言碎語等現(xiàn)象,會給老人帶來不小的困擾。雖然上述競爭性的假設(shè)存在著一定的合理性,然而不足以推翻原有的研究假設(shè)。這部分的分析也為我們的假設(shè)修正提供了啟發(fā)。異常個案分析是對那些不符合研究假設(shè)的個案進行深入解剖,并從側(cè)面考察原假設(shè)的合理性。分析結(jié)果表明：①某些局部中心度較高的老人幸福感反倒較低,健康原因是拉低這部分老人幸福感主要的原因。②某些局部中心度較低的老人幸福感反倒較高。單位社區(qū)老年人的原因解釋是社會網(wǎng)絡(luò)場域,商業(yè)社區(qū)老年人的原因解釋是社區(qū)外交往。③相對于單位社區(qū),某些老人更加喜歡商業(yè)社區(qū)。有些老人天性安靜不喜交往,故此喜愛商業(yè)社區(qū)；有些老人則希望在商業(yè)小區(qū)中結(jié)識更多朋友以拓寬眼界。綜合來看,那些與原研究假設(shè)情況相左的典型個體,我們都能夠?qū)ζ湓蚪o予合理解釋。這部分的分析,也為我們揭示出冰冷假設(shè)背后豐富而活潑的社會現(xiàn)象。其他有趣發(fā)現(xiàn)是對超越假設(shè)之外、卻與假設(shè)相關(guān)的發(fā)現(xiàn)作進一步分析,好對基于假設(shè)的研究成果進行必要補充。在這部分的分析中,我們?nèi)〉昧瞬簧儆腥ぐl(fā)現(xiàn)。譬如,我們發(fā)現(xiàn)了老年人社區(qū)朋友數(shù)目在幸福感收益上存在邊際效應(yīng)遞減的現(xiàn)象,我們發(fā)現(xiàn)了健康狀況對于幸福感不同維度的不同作用,我們發(fā)現(xiàn)了居住時間通過塑造老年人的社會社會網(wǎng)絡(luò)來對其主觀幸福感帶來的潛在影響,我們發(fā)現(xiàn)了老年人社區(qū)社會網(wǎng)絡(luò)在年齡段上的割裂現(xiàn)象,我們還發(fā)現(xiàn)了老年人社區(qū)社會網(wǎng)絡(luò)的幸福圖譜,等。這些研究發(fā)現(xiàn)不僅加深了我們對研究問題的認識,更為我們確認需求、提出政策開啟了思路。文章的末尾是政策建議。政策建議提出,是以“確定需求”為前提的。本文的研究結(jié)論揭示了兩大事實：就社區(qū)內(nèi)部而言,社會網(wǎng)絡(luò)在促進老年人幸福感上具有重要作用；就社區(qū)之間而言,單位社區(qū)社會網(wǎng)絡(luò)在促進老年人幸福感上具有顯著優(yōu)勢。這必然會引發(fā)我們對“需求”的確認和思考：在各個社區(qū)內(nèi)部,社區(qū)社會網(wǎng)絡(luò)各個維度會受到哪些因素的影響和制約?在各個社區(qū)之間,單位社區(qū)社會網(wǎng)絡(luò)的優(yōu)勢是由哪些因素造成的?這些因素是否能夠通過某種途徑復(fù)制到商業(yè)社區(qū)中去?對于第一個問題是的回答,有助于幫助我們制定針對特定老人的公共政策,對于第二個問題的回答,有助于幫助我們制定針對整個社區(qū)的公共政策。受到后續(xù)分析的啟發(fā),我們從性別、年齡、居住位置、居住時間四個方面,對社區(qū)社會網(wǎng)絡(luò)的制約因素進行分析。分析發(fā)現(xiàn),不同性別、年齡、居住位置和居住時間的老人,彼此之間存在著程度不一的交往隔閡。這種隔閡使得某些老人在社區(qū)社會網(wǎng)絡(luò)中處于劣勢地位,他們的幸福感也相應(yīng)較低。在確認需求的基礎(chǔ)上,我們提出一系列政策措施,來促進網(wǎng)絡(luò)中處于劣勢地位老人的主觀幸福感。另外,我們還從從交往明星和共同行動兩個方面對社區(qū)社會網(wǎng)絡(luò)的推動因素進行解讀。共同行動要素的發(fā)現(xiàn),提供了將單位社區(qū)網(wǎng)絡(luò)優(yōu)勢復(fù)制到商業(yè)社區(qū)的有效途徑。本文的最后一章里,我們從代表性問題和動態(tài)性問題兩個方面,對本研究的不足進行了說明,并對未來的研究做一個初步的展望。
[Abstract]:The social interaction and mental health of the elderly are crucial to their quality of life and the happiness of their late years. Since the reform and opening up, the economy of our country has made great progress, and the phenomenon of material poverty of the elderly has been greatly reduced. Social change has brought another sense of poverty for the elderly: mental poverty. In order to get better opportunities for development, children choose social mobility, making empty nest living alone is becoming the main form of life style for the elderly in China. Empty nesters are more likely to produce feelings of loss, loneliness, and anxiety, and cause many other concerns. Therefore, as far as China's pension enterprise is concerned, the dilemma facing the old-age pension is more prominent and urgent than the material pension. The improvement of the intergenerational relations of the elderly will face greater ethical and cost problems. In the background of the decline of family pension and the rapid rise of home pension, the neighbourhood relationship has become the key factor affecting the mental health of the elderly and the happiness of the old. After retirement, the elderly are affected by physical conditions and psychological factors, and they spend most of their time living around the place of residence. This makes the role of neighbourhood more prominent. In reality, the community contacts of the elderly in our country are also faced with the danger of continuous weakening. The interpersonal apathy of the urban community has become a wall in front of the elderly. Therefore, it is particularly necessary to carry out a systematic and in-depth study of the relationship between the community relationship network and the subjective well-being of the elderly. This not only enhances our understanding of the objective world, but also helps us to find practical measures to promote neighbourhood communication and develop home care for the elderly. There has been a lot of research at home and abroad on the relationship between community social network and the well-being of the elderly. It is found that there are three main deficiencies in these studies. First, the existing research is either using the national macro statistical data for quantitative analysis or using qualitative research into the community to investigate. Quantitative research focuses on precision but lacks depth; qualitative research has a micro depth, but has no quantitative accuracy. The lack of qualitative and quantitative combination of case studies makes it impossible for us to make an accurate and thorough investigation of the problem. Second, the existing research is mainly on the study of individual network to examine the role of many social relationships in promoting the well-being of the elderly. The lack of overall network analysis makes it impossible for us to spy on the important role of the network structure. The study of happiness from the perspective of the individual network is more sociological, not in the sense of public management. In this way, we can not put forward the policy recommendations in the sense of governance on the basis of the study. Third, there is no comparative study of existing research. At present, the academic community often prefers to select a single community for a thorough investigation of community relations. This not only makes it impossible for us to establish a comparative perspective of understanding, but also a significant reduction in the validity of the research conclusions. The social network analysis method is the research method of rapid rise and maturing in recent years, and it is also the core method of this article. The advantage of this approach lies in the quantitative processing of relational data and the accurate analysis of the network structure. This provides a technical basis for a deep understanding of community social networks and the establishment of an analytical bridge between community social networks and the subjective well-being of the elderly. So far, the research on the overall network of urban community social networks is scarce because of the constraints of the overall network research. The study of the whole network is suitable for the analysis of a social network with a single relationship, a clear network boundary, and a small network. However, the social network of urban communities is often too large, heterogeneous and blurred, so it is not suitable for the overall network analysis. The idea of this study is to focus on the overall network of the non - heterogeneous group in the small community. Because of the physical and mental limitations of this special group of the elderly, most of them are within the community. They can form a social network with a single, moderate and clear border in the community. This has cleared the conditions for our overall network research. Based on the existing research results in the academic circles, we take the community of mature units, semi mature communities, semi mature business communities and new business communities as the precondition, and use social network analysis to explore the research questions. The main research question of this paper includes two aspects: first, in the single community, what is the social network effects on the mechanism of the subjective well-being of the elderly? Second, in every community, differences in different networks where the subjective well-being of the elderly? The field survey was conducted from July 2014 to December. The survey sites selected in the four city community an eastern city. The results of this case study include two major parts: hypothesis testing and follow-up analysis. The research hypothesis is the main direction of the problem research, and the hypothesis test is the main skeleton of the research conclusion. The follow-up analysis is a special link of case study. It is an in-depth study of the details of the problem. The analysis of these two parts makes the whole study take both the macro and micro, the precision and the depth, both the bone and the flesh. Next, we give a brief account of the main results of this article. Guided by research questions, this paper assumes that the results of the test are also divided into two parts: the results based on the social network within the community, and the analogy analysis based on the social network between the communities. The research results based on the community internal social network show that: the higher the local centrality of the elderly in the community social network, the lower the overall centrality, the higher the centrality of the feature vector and the higher the middle centrality, the higher the subjective well-being of the elderly. Generally speaking,
【學(xué)位授予單位】：山東大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號】：C913.6;C912.3
，

本文編號：1340038