【摘要】：馬克思的現(xiàn)實觀是馬克思主義哲學(xué)的重要組成部分。探究馬克思的現(xiàn)實觀形成緣由、方法及內(nèi)容也有利于我們加深對現(xiàn)實的思考和認(rèn)識更有助于我們對馬克思辯證唯物主義和歷史唯物主義的理解和運用。以此為出發(fā)點,本文研究馬克思的現(xiàn)實觀從以下幾個部分展開。第一部分為導(dǎo)論,簡要介紹了本課題的選題背景和緣由、研究方法以及研究現(xiàn)狀。著重梳理了從古希臘到當(dāng)代社會人們對“現(xiàn)實”概念的探索和研究。第二部分以“現(xiàn)實”的概念為切入點,闡述馬克思的現(xiàn)實觀由幼稚走向成熟,由帶有黑格爾和費爾巴哈色彩轉(zhuǎn)而形成辯證唯物主義和歷史唯物主義的現(xiàn)實觀。馬克思的思想發(fā)展和轉(zhuǎn)變大致有以下幾個時期:一、在“博士論文”時期,開始關(guān)注并闡述現(xiàn)實。二、《萊茵報》到《德法年鑒》為馬克思現(xiàn)實觀的轉(zhuǎn)變時期。三、《1844年經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)哲學(xué)手稿》和《神圣家族》的發(fā)表標(biāo)志馬克思的現(xiàn)實觀初步形成。四、《關(guān)于費爾巴哈的提綱》和《德意志形態(tài)》標(biāo)志著馬克思的現(xiàn)實觀最終確立。第三部分討論馬克思考察現(xiàn)實的基本方法�？偟膩碚f,馬克思是運用新唯物主義的方法來闡釋,具體來說,包含以下三點:一、從“抽象的人”到“現(xiàn)實的人”。通過對“現(xiàn)實的人”的考察以了解現(xiàn)實。二、對費爾巴哈認(rèn)識論的超越,馬克思的“新唯物主義”是理性認(rèn)識對感性直觀的超越。三、對市民社會的批判,主要是對黑格爾市民社會理論的批判。馬克思提倡;市民社會與國家的發(fā)展不屬于倫理的范疇只是現(xiàn)實的實際的分歧所在,主要認(rèn)為家庭與市民的發(fā)展不是國家發(fā)展的結(jié)果而是家庭與市民發(fā)展的共同的產(chǎn)物之一,將政治社會的發(fā)展與市民社會的發(fā)展結(jié)合起來。第四部分歸納了馬克思現(xiàn)實觀的基本內(nèi)容,對馬克思的現(xiàn)實觀進(jìn)行全面、系統(tǒng)的概括和總結(jié)。第五部分發(fā)掘馬克思的現(xiàn)實觀的特點。找到馬克思的現(xiàn)實觀與以前的現(xiàn)實觀點最大不同之處是馬克思總是立足于本質(zhì)的發(fā)展的基礎(chǔ)之上進(jìn)行深入的探討并且馬克思主義具備發(fā)展的革新特點,所以馬克思的現(xiàn)實觀總在自我革新和向前發(fā)展。第六部分探討了馬克思的現(xiàn)實觀的現(xiàn)實意義。本文認(rèn)為研究馬克思的現(xiàn)實觀可以為人類解決社會歷史發(fā)展中的困境提供了科學(xué)的指導(dǎo)。馬克思的現(xiàn)實觀本身也實現(xiàn)了真正科學(xué)的歷史觀。學(xué)習(xí)馬克思的現(xiàn)實觀將為我們這一代人更好的把握和改變現(xiàn)實提供方法和理論指導(dǎo)。
[Abstract]:Marx's realistic view is an important part of Marxist philosophy. To probe into the reason of Marx's realistic view, the method and content are also helpful for us to deepen our thinking and understanding of reality, and also help us to understand and apply Marxist dialectical materialism and historical materialism. As a starting point, this article studies Marx's realistic view from the following parts. The first part is the introduction, briefly introduces the background and reason of the topic, research methods and research status. This paper focuses on the exploration and study of the concept of "reality" from ancient Greece to contemporary society. The second part takes the concept of "reality" as the breakthrough point, expounds Marx's realistic view from childish to mature, from the color of Hegel and Feuerbach to form the realistic view of dialectical materialism and historical materialism. Marx's thought development and transformation have the following periods: first, in the "doctoral thesis" period, began to pay attention to and explain the reality. Second, the "Rhine-Journal" to the "Almanac of morality and Law" for the transformation of Marx's view of reality. Third, the publication of the manuscripts of Economics and philosophy in 1844 and the Holy Family symbolized Marx's view of reality. Fourthly, the outline of Feuerbach and the German form symbolize the establishment of Marx's view of reality. The third part discusses Marx's basic method of examining reality. In general, Marx uses the method of neo-materialism to explain, specifically, it includes the following three points: first, from abstract man to realistic person. To understand the reality through the examination of the "realistic person". Secondly, transcending Feuerbach's epistemology, Marx's "New materialism" is the transcendence of rational cognition to perceptual intuition. Third, the criticism of civil society, mainly the criticism of Hegel's theory of civil society. Marx advocated; The development of the civil society and the country does not belong to the realm of ethics. It is only the actual difference in reality. It is mainly held that the development of the family and the citizens is not the result of national development but one of the common products of the development of the family and the citizens. Combine the development of political society with the development of civil society. The fourth part summarizes the basic content of Marx's realistic view, and generalizes and summarizes Marx's realistic view in a comprehensive and systematic way. The fifth part explores the characteristics of Marx's view of reality. To find out the biggest difference between Marx's realistic view and previous realistic view is that Marx is always based on the essence of the development on the basis of in-depth discussion and Marxism has the innovative characteristics of development. Therefore, Marx's view of reality is always in self-innovation and forward development. The sixth part discusses the realistic significance of Marx's view of reality. This paper holds that the study of Marx's view of reality can provide scientific guidance for human beings to solve the dilemma in the development of social history. Marx's view of reality itself also realized a true scientific view of history. Studying Marx's view of reality will provide methods and theoretical guidance for our generation to better grasp and change the reality.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：華中師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：A81

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