本文選題：胎兒 + 民事主體地位　； 參考：《山東大學(xué)》2017年碩士論文

【摘要】：近些年來(lái),隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)的發(fā)展和公民權(quán)利意識(shí)的提高,環(huán)境污染、交通事故、醫(yī)療糾紛等侵害胎兒的事件層出不窮,加之孕育后代的艱辛和高昂的經(jīng)濟(jì)成本,要求法律全面保護(hù)胎兒權(quán)益的呼聲日益高漲。然而,我國(guó)法律卻一直沒(méi)有給予胎兒應(yīng)有的關(guān)愛(ài)和重視。當(dāng)前我國(guó)正在編纂民法典,將胎兒保護(hù)的條款納入民法典的時(shí)機(jī)已經(jīng)成熟。在此背景下,筆者對(duì)胎兒?jiǎn)栴}進(jìn)行了深入研究,希望自己的一點(diǎn)淺見(jiàn)能對(duì)解決胎兒權(quán)益保護(hù)問(wèn)題有所助益。本文分為四個(gè)部分:第一部分論述了胎兒的民事法律地位,首先對(duì)胎兒與人的概念加以界定,并論述了法律上胎兒與人的關(guān)系,分析了法律上的人的發(fā)展趨勢(shì),主張?jiān)谖磥?lái)民法典中確認(rèn)胎兒的民事主體地位,這符合時(shí)代發(fā)展要求和未來(lái)民法典的價(jià)值追求。第二部分論述了胎兒民事權(quán)益保護(hù)的法理基礎(chǔ),圍繞胎兒權(quán)利能力的有無(wú),將學(xué)者們關(guān)于胎兒保護(hù)的學(xué)說(shuō)分為胎兒權(quán)利能力否定說(shuō)、胎兒權(quán)利能力肯定說(shuō)和權(quán)利能力質(zhì)疑說(shuō),在對(duì)各種學(xué)說(shuō)進(jìn)行比較的基礎(chǔ)上,主張對(duì)傳統(tǒng)的權(quán)利能力理論進(jìn)行適當(dāng)修正,通過(guò)法律擬制賦予胎兒權(quán)利能力,確認(rèn)胎兒的民事主體地位。第三部分分析了境內(nèi)外胎兒民事權(quán)益保護(hù)的狀況,通過(guò)對(duì)大陸法系國(guó)家三種立法模式和英美法系國(guó)家胎兒權(quán)益保護(hù)的歷史進(jìn)程及相關(guān)判例的研究,對(duì)照我國(guó)目前立法上和司法實(shí)踐中胎兒權(quán)益保護(hù)的實(shí)際狀況,指出我國(guó)立法和司法實(shí)踐中存在的不足之處,提出應(yīng)當(dāng)及時(shí)在立法層面實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)于胎兒權(quán)益的全面保護(hù)。第四部分提出我國(guó)胎兒民事權(quán)益保護(hù)的立法建議,在我國(guó)民法典編纂的背景下,分析比較了相關(guān)學(xué)者關(guān)于胎兒保護(hù)的立法建議,主張我國(guó)立法上應(yīng)采用總括主義的立法模式,在民法典總則中加入胎兒權(quán)益保護(hù)的概括性條款,同時(shí)在分則中對(duì)于胎兒應(yīng)當(dāng)享有的權(quán)利進(jìn)行具體規(guī)定。本文對(duì)于附條件說(shuō)進(jìn)行了研究,主張對(duì)于胎兒的物質(zhì)性人格權(quán)利不附條件,對(duì)于胎兒的財(cái)產(chǎn)性權(quán)利則附條件的觀點(diǎn),如此能夠克服附條件說(shuō)的弊端,最大程度上保護(hù)胎兒的權(quán)益,實(shí)現(xiàn)民法對(duì)于人的全面保護(hù)的終極目的。
[Abstract]:In recent years, with the development of economy and society and the improvement of civil rights consciousness, environmental pollution, traffic accidents, medical disputes and other incidents of infringing the fetus, coupled with the hardships and high economic costs of bearing future generations, Calls for full legal protection of foetus are growing. However, the law of our country has not given the fetus due care and attention. At present, our country is codifying the civil code, and the time is ripe to bring the clause of fetal protection into the civil code. Under this background, the author has carried on the thorough research to the fetal question, hoped his own shallow opinion can solve the fetal rights and interests protection question to have the help. This paper is divided into four parts: the first part discusses the civil legal status of foetus, defines the concept of fetus and human, discusses the relationship between human and fetus in law, and analyzes the development trend of human in law. It is in line with the development of the times and the value pursuit of the future civil code to affirm the civil subject status of the fetus in the future civil code. The second part discusses the legal basis of the protection of foetus' civil rights and interests. Around the existence or absence of fetal right capacity, scholars' theories on fetal protection are divided into fetal right capacity negation theory, fetal right capacity affirmation theory and right capacity questioning theory. On the basis of the comparison of various theories, it is advocated that the traditional theory of right capacity should be amended properly, and the fetal right capacity should be endowed by legal fiction to confirm the position of the fetus as a civil subject. The third part analyzes the situation of the protection of the civil rights and interests of foetus at home and abroad, through the study of three legislative models in the countries of the continental law system and the historical process of the protection of the rights and interests of the fetus in the countries of the common law system and the relevant cases. According to the actual situation of the protection of fetal rights and interests in our country's current legislation and judicial practice, this paper points out the deficiencies in our country's legislation and judicial practice, and puts forward that the comprehensive protection of fetal rights and interests should be realized in a timely manner at the legislative level. The fourth part puts forward the legislative suggestions on the protection of the civil rights and interests of the fetus in our country. Under the background of the compilation of the civil code of our country, the author analyzes and compares the legislative suggestions of the relevant scholars on the protection of the fetus, and advocates that the legislative model of omnibus doctrine should be adopted in the legislation of our country. In the Civil Code, the general provisions of the protection of the rights and interests of the fetus are added, and the rights of the fetus are specified in the special provisions. This article has carried on the research to the conditional theory, advocated that the fetal material personality right does not attach the condition, regarding the fetal property right is attached the condition, thus can overcome the conditional theory's shortcoming, Protect the rights and interests of fetus to the greatest extent and realize the ultimate goal of comprehensive protection of human being in civil law.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：山東大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：D923

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本文編號(hào)：2070428